Equal coefficients

( 1008 x + 1009 ) 2 = 1 , 016 , 064 x 2 + 2 , 034 , 144 x + 1 , 018 , 081 ( 1008 x + 1009 ) 3 = 1 , 024 , 192 , 512 x 3 + 3 , 075 , 625 , 728 x 2 + 3 , 078 , 676 , 944 x + 1 , 027 , 243 , 729 \begin{aligned} (1008x + 1009)^2 &= 1,016,064x^2 + 2,034,144x + 1,018,081 \\ (1008x + 1009)^3 &= 1,024,192,512x^3 + 3,075,625,728x^2 + 3,078,676,944x + 1,027,243,729 \\ &\vdots \end{aligned}

What is the smallest positive integer n n for which the expansion of ( 1008 x + 1009 ) n (1008x + 1009)^n has two successive coefficients that are equal?

Details and Assumptions

  • As an explicit example, for ( 3 x + 1 ) n (3x+1)^n the answer is n = 3 n = 3 because ( 3 x + 1 ) 3 = 27 x 3 + 27 x 2 + 9 x + 1 (3x+1)^3 = \underbrace{27x^3 + 27x^2} + 9x + 1 has the same coefficient 27 27 for both x 3 x^3 and x 2 . x^2.

  • We arrange the terms of the binomial expansion in descending powers of x x .

Inspiration


The answer is 2016.

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1 solution

In the expansion of ( a x + b ) n (ax+b)^n , the coefficient of x k x^k is C k = ( n k ) a k b n k . C_k = \left(\begin{array}{c} n \\ k\end{array}\right) a^k b^{n-k}. Two successive coefficients are equal if for some 0 k < n 0 \leq k < n , C k = C k 1 ( n k ) a k b n k = ( n k 1 ) a k 1 b n k + 1 . C_k = C_{k-1} \\ \left(\begin{array}{c} n \\ k\end{array}\right) a^k b^{n-k} = \left(\begin{array}{c} n \\ k-1\end{array}\right) a^{k-1} b^{n-k+1}. Divide both sides by a k b n k a^k\:b^{n-k} and use that ( n k ) ÷ ( n k 1 ) = ( n k + 1 ) / k \left(\begin{array}{c} n \\ k\end{array}\right) \div \left(\begin{array}{c} n \\ k-1\end{array}\right) = (n-k+1)/k , then we have n k + 1 k = b a . \frac{n-k+1}k = \frac b a. Add 1 to each side of the equation: n + 1 k = a + b a \frac{n+1}k = \frac{a+b}a

In this case, n + 1 k = 2017 1008 . \frac{n+1}k = \frac{2017}{1008}. Since the fraction on the right is already in lowest terms, the fraction on the left must be identical, with n + 1 = 2017 , k = 1008. n + 1 = 2017,\ \ k = 1008. Thus we conclude that n = 2016 n = \boxed{2016} . Blessed New Year to you all!

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