( 1 0 0 8 x + 1 0 0 9 ) 2 ( 1 0 0 8 x + 1 0 0 9 ) 3 = 1 , 0 1 6 , 0 6 4 x 2 + 2 , 0 3 4 , 1 4 4 x + 1 , 0 1 8 , 0 8 1 = 1 , 0 2 4 , 1 9 2 , 5 1 2 x 3 + 3 , 0 7 5 , 6 2 5 , 7 2 8 x 2 + 3 , 0 7 8 , 6 7 6 , 9 4 4 x + 1 , 0 2 7 , 2 4 3 , 7 2 9 ⋮
What is the smallest positive integer n for which the expansion of ( 1 0 0 8 x + 1 0 0 9 ) n has two successive coefficients that are equal?
Details and Assumptions
As an explicit example, for ( 3 x + 1 ) n the answer is n = 3 because ( 3 x + 1 ) 3 = 2 7 x 3 + 2 7 x 2 + 9 x + 1 has the same coefficient 2 7 for both x 3 and x 2 .
We arrange the terms of the binomial expansion in descending powers of x .
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In the expansion of ( a x + b ) n , the coefficient of x k is C k = ( n k ) a k b n − k . Two successive coefficients are equal if for some 0 ≤ k < n , C k = C k − 1 ( n k ) a k b n − k = ( n k − 1 ) a k − 1 b n − k + 1 . Divide both sides by a k b n − k and use that ( n k ) ÷ ( n k − 1 ) = ( n − k + 1 ) / k , then we have k n − k + 1 = a b . Add 1 to each side of the equation: k n + 1 = a a + b
In this case, k n + 1 = 1 0 0 8 2 0 1 7 . Since the fraction on the right is already in lowest terms, the fraction on the left must be identical, with n + 1 = 2 0 1 7 , k = 1 0 0 8 . Thus we conclude that n = 2 0 1 6 . Blessed New Year to you all!