Equal in Distributions

Calculus Level 5

lim n 1 n k = 1 n { k 3 } = ? \large \lim_{n\to\infty} \dfrac 1n \sum_{k=1}^n \left \{ \dfrac k{\sqrt3} \right\} = \, ?

Notation : { } \{ \cdot \} denotes the fractional part function .

6 11 \frac6{11} 5 9 \frac59 1 2 \frac12 4 7 \frac47

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1 solution

1 3 \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} is an irrational number, so we can apply a consequence of Weyl's criterion . The sequence { k 3 } \left \{ \dfrac k{ \sqrt{3}} \right \} is equidistributed,and hence dense in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] . This means, for example that, althought 0.75 0.75 and 1 0.75 = 0.25 1 - 0.75 = 0. 25 don't belong to the sequence { k 3 } \left \{ \dfrac k{\sqrt{3}} \right \} , in each neighborhood (ball of radius r > 0) of 0.75 0.75 contained in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] there exist and there are "the same numbers" of terms of this sequence as in in a neighborhood (ball of the same radius r > 0) of 0.25 0.25 contained in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] . Hence for 0.75 + 0.25 = 1 0.75 + 0.25 = 1 we are using 2 terms of this sequence, so we can say the limit of aritmethic mean of this sequence (equal to the limit above) is 1 / 2 1/2 .

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