Exponential-Monster Inequality

Algebra Level 3

Let F ( x , y ) = e y e x y x F(x,y)=\large\frac{e^y-e^x}{y-x} for any real values of x x and y , y, such that x y . x\neq y. If the number k k is the smallest possible number such that F ( x , y ) y x z x F ( y , z ) z y z x F ( x , z ) < k \large\frac{F(x,y)^{\frac{y-x}{z-x}}F(y,z)^{\frac{z-y}{z-x}}}{F(x,z)}<k for all triples ( x , y , z ) , (x, y, z), satisfying that x < y < z , x<y<z, what can we say about the number k k ? Justify your answer.

5 k < 6 5\leq k<6 4 k < 5 4\leq k<5 3 k < 4 3\leq k<4 k k does not exist 6 k 6\leq k 0 k < 1 0\leq k<1 1 k < 2 1\leq k<2

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1 solution

Arturo Presa
Sep 11, 2019

Let a a and b b be arbitrary positive numbers and α \alpha and β \beta two positive numbers such that α + β = 1. \alpha+\beta=1. Then the following inequality is always true due to the fact that the natural logarithm has a concave (or concave down) graph: ln ( α a + β b ) > α ln a + β ln b . \ln(\alpha a +\beta b)> \alpha \ln a+\beta \ln b. Evaluating the function y = e x y=e^x at the expressions that appear in the right side and the left side of the previous inequality, respectively, and using the fact that that function y = e x y=e^x is increasing, it follows that, α a + β b > a α b β . \alpha a +\beta b >a^{\alpha}b^{\beta}. Dividing both sides by the positive number α a + β b , \alpha a +\beta b, we get that a α b β α a + β b < 1. \frac{a^{\alpha}b^{\beta}}{\alpha a +\beta b }<1. Now, let us assume that x < y < z x<y<z and make a = F ( x , y ) , a=F(x, y), b = F ( y , z ) , b=F(y, z), α = y x z x , \alpha=\frac{y-x}{z-x}, and β = z y z x . \beta=\frac{z-y}{z-x}. Then the following inequality follows F ( x , y ) y x z x F ( y , z ) z y z x y x z x F ( x , y ) + z y z x F ( y , z ) < 1. \large\frac{F(x, y)^{\frac{y-x}{z-x}}F(y, z)^{\frac{z-y}{z-x}}}{\frac{y-x}{z-x}F(x,y) +\frac{z-y}{z-x}F(y, z)}<1. Using direct computation you can see that the denominator of the fraction in the left side of the previous inequality reduces to F ( x , z ) . F(x, z). Then the previous inequality can be rewritten as F ( x , y ) y x z x F ( y , z ) z y z x F ( x , z ) < 1. \large\frac{F(x, y)^{\frac{y-x}{z-x}}F(y, z)^{\frac{z-y}{z-x}}}{F(x, z)}<1. This inequality proves that k k exists and has to be smaller than or equal to 1. 1. But we can prove that the value of k k is exactly 1 1 by showing that when you fix a value of x x and a value of z , z, such that x < z , x<z, and you take the y y in between these two values, but making it tend to z, the limit of the left side of the previous inequality is 1. Then k = 1 , k=1, and, therefore, the answer is 1 k < 2 . \boxed{1\leq k<2}.

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