Find the complex solutions

Algebra Level 4

Find the sum of all complex solutions of the equation x 4 + 4 12 4 x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288. \frac{x^4+4\cdot{12}^4}{x^2+24x+288}=144x - 288.

Details and assumptions

You may use the fact that 1 2 4 = 20736 12 ^4 = 20736 .

The real numbers are a subset of the complex numbers.


The answer is 168.

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11 solutions

Russell Few
Sep 1, 2013

We note that by the Sophie-Germain identity, x 4 + 4 y 4 = ( x 2 + 2 x y + 2 y 2 ) ( x 2 2 x y 2 y 2 ) x^4+4y^4=(x^2+2xy+2y^2)(x^2-2xy-2y^2) , so x 4 + ( 4 ) ( 1 2 4 ) = ( x 2 + ( 2 ) ( 12 ) x + ( 2 ) ( 1 2 2 ) ) ( x 2 ( 2 ) ( 12 ) x + ( 2 ) ( 1 2 2 ) ) x^4+(4)(12^4)=(x^2+(2)(12)x+(2)(12^2))(x^2-(2)(12)x+(2)(12^2)) = ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) =(x^2+24x+288)(x^2-24x+288) . Hence x 4 + ( 4 ) ( 1 2 4 ) x 2 + 24 x + 288 = x 2 24 x + 288 \frac{x^4+(4)(12^4)}{x^2+24x+288}=x^2-24x+288 .

Thus the equation becomes x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x^2-24x+288=144x-288 , so x 2 168 x + 576 x^2-168x+576 . Since it is not a square polynomial as its discriminant, 16 8 2 4 ( 1 ) ( 576 ) = 25920 0 168^2-4(1)(576)=25920 \neq 0 , it has 2 2 distinct roots. By Vieta's Formulas, their sum is 168 1 = 168 -\frac{-168}{1}=\boxed{168} .

Moderator note:

Nicely done!

For completeness, one needs to check that none of the roots of the resulting equation is a root of x 2 + 24 x + 288 , x^2+24x+288, otherwise it would have to be excluded from the sum of the roots.

There are no complex numbers involved here. The only reason why "complex solutions" was specified is so that it would not be possible to solve it by expanding then graphing.

Russell FEW - 7 years, 9 months ago

To Challenge Master:

It would be easy to check, as the discriminant of x 2 + 24 x + 288 x^2+24x+288 is negative, so its roots have an imaginary portion, while the discriminant of x^2-168x+576 (which is the equation we are supposed to solve) is 25920, which is positive, so the roots are real.

Russell FEW - 7 years, 9 months ago

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There are several approaches to showing that f ( x ) f(x) and g ( x ) g(x) have no common root. For example, you can calculate gcd ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = 1 \gcd(f(x) g(x) ) = 1

Another approach is that if α \alpha is a root of x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 0 x^2 + 24x + 288 =0 and x 2 24 x + 288 = 0 x^2 - 24x + 288 = 0 , then we must have 48 α = 0 48 \alpha = 0 . But clearly α = 0 \alpha = 0 is not a root to either equation.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 9 months ago

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Thanks!

Russell FEW - 7 years, 9 months ago

Yes, indeed. So it would be enough to just note that.

Alexander Borisov - 7 years, 9 months ago

Maybe I understand the terminology wrongly, but no complex numbers are involved here, right?

Roel Baars - 7 years, 9 months ago

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Real numbers are a subset of complex numbers, so real numbers are considered complex numbers without imaginary parts.

Kenneth Chan - 7 years, 9 months ago

wow! that is so new to me, the Sophie-Germain Identity! Great!

Rj Tatel - 7 years, 9 months ago
Dani Natanael
Sep 2, 2013

Look at the numerator of the fraction in the left side. Using Sophie-Germain Identity we have ;

= x 4 + 4.1 2 4 =x^{4}+4.12^{4}

= x 4 + 4.1 2 4 4.1 2 2 x 2 + 4.1 2 2 x 2 =x^{4}+4.12^{4}-4.12^{2}x^{2}+4.12^{2}x^{2}

= x 4 + 4.1 2 2 x 2 + 4.1 2 4 4.1 2 2 x 2 =x^{4}+4.12^{2}x^{2}+4.12^{4}-4.12^{2}x^{2}

= ( x 2 + 2.1 2 2 ) 2 4.1 2 2 x 2 =(x^{2}+2.12^{2})^{2}-4.12^{2}x^{2}

= ( x 2 + 2.12 x + 2.1 2 2 ) ( x 2 2.12 x + 2.1 2 2 ) =(x^{2}+2.12x+2.12^{2})(x^{2}-2.12x+2.12^{2})

= ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) =(x^{2}+24x+288)(x^{2}-24x+288)

Since after the equation is distributed, we have the numerator and denumerator are equal ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) (x^{2}+24x+288) , so we can ommit it. Next, continue it with simple algebra;

144 x 288 = x 2 24 x + 288 144x-288=x^{2}-24x+288

x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 x^{2}-168x+576=0

Since we find all the complex roots (including the real roots), so we get the answer is 168.

QED

Moderator note:

Goof job! The first part of your solution is essentially the proof of the Sophie Germain identity.

For completeness, one needs to check that non of the roots of the resulting equation is a root of x 2 + 24 x + 288 , x^2+24x+288, otherwise it would have to be excluded from the sum of the roots.

Astaga, kenapa aku tidak terpikir cara ini ya?

Rakhmat Muliawan - 7 years, 9 months ago
Michael Tang
Sep 3, 2013

We suspect that the numerator of the left-hand side is factorable. Indeed, we can "complete the square" on this expression as follows: x 4 + 4 1 2 4 = ( x 4 + 4 1 2 2 x + 4 1 2 4 ) 4 1 2 2 x = ( x 2 + 2 1 2 2 ) 2 4 1 2 2 x 2 = ( x 2 + 288 ) 2 ( 24 x ) 2 = ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) , \begin{aligned} x^4 + 4 \cdot 12^4 &= (x^4 + 4 \cdot 12^2 \cdot x + 4 \cdot 12^4) - 4 \cdot 12^2 \cdot x \\ &= (x^2 + 2 \cdot 12^2)^2 - 4 \cdot 12^2 \cdot x^2 \\ &= (x^2+288)^2 - (24x)^2 \\ &= (x^2+24x+288)(x^2-24x+288), \end{aligned} where the last step follows from the difference-of-squares factorization. Therefore, the given equation becomes ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 , \dfrac{(x^2+24x+288)(x^2-24x+288)}{x^2+24x+288} = 144x-288, or simply x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288. x^2-24x+288 = 144x - 288. Rearranging this equation gives x 2 168 x + 576 = 0. x^2-168x + 576 = 0. By Vieta's Formulas, the sum of the two distinct roots of this equation is therefore 168 . \boxed{168}.

Pranav Arora
Sep 2, 2013

From the Sophie-Germain Identity ,

x 4 + 4 1 2 4 = ( x 2 + 2 1 2 2 2 x 12 ) ( x 2 + 2 1 2 2 + 2 x 12 ) = \displaystyle x^4+4\cdot 12^4=(x^2+2\cdot 12^2-2\cdot x\cdot 12)(x^2+2\cdot 12^2+2\cdot x\cdot 12)= ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) \displaystyle (x^2-24x+288)(x^2+24x+288)

Note that x 2 + 24 x + 288 x^2+24x+288 has no roots so it is completely okay to cancel it. Hence, the given equation simplifies to,

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 \displaystyle x^2-24x+288=144x-288 \Rightarrow x^2-168x+576=0

The sum of roots of the above quadratic is 168 \fbox{168} and hence the answer.

PS: Brilliant trolls you. 1 2 4 = 20736 12^4=20736 . :D :D

I broke it up in two lines for you, but the first line is still a bit too long.

Nice solution; like everyone else, you forgot to check that we did not cancel out any roots of the final equation.

Alexander Borisov - 7 years, 9 months ago

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This may be a bit foolish but how would you check that? Cancelling out x 2 + 24 x + 288 x^2+24x+288 did not deprive us of any roots (and I have mentioned that in the solution) so I don't see a problem. Your reply is appreciated. Thanks!

Pranav Arora - 7 years, 9 months ago

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It actually does have two complex roots. And the original question allowed complex roots. These roots happen to be different from the roots of the resulting equation.

View the other solutions above to see how they dealt with it.

Alexander Borisov - 7 years, 9 months ago

Sorry for the trouble but I would like to rewrite the first equation in two separate lines. Is it possible for the Brilliant staff to edit my solution? Thanks!

Pranav Arora - 7 years, 9 months ago
Ben Williams
Sep 7, 2013

Simply do long division of the fraction. This causes the expression to simplify to:

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 28 x^{2}-24x+288=144x-28

Then rewrite and apply Vieta's Formula to find the sum of roots - i.e

x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 b a = 168 x^{2}-168x+576=0 \therefore \frac{-b}{a}=168 = Sum of roots.

Tilak Patel
Sep 7, 2013

Let f ( x ) = x 4 + 4 1 2 4 f(x) = x^{4} + 4⋅12^{4}

f ( x ) = ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) f(x) = (x^{2} - 24x + 288 )(x^{2} + 24x + 288)

Hence, now the given equation becomes,

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x^{2} - 24x + 288 = 144x - 288

x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 x^{2} - 168x + 576 = 0 ...........(1)

according to the equation given we cannot assume the case that x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 0 x^{2} + 24x + 288 = 0

Hence, the roots of the equation is given only by (1)

From (1), according to the Vieta's formula sum of the roots of this equation is 168

Jakob Voo
Sep 7, 2013

( x 4 + 4 × 1 2 4 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) = 144 x 288 \frac{(x^4+4\times12^4)}{(x^2+24x+288)}=144x-288

( x + 12 12 i ) ( x + 12 + 12 i ) ( x 12 12 i ) ( x 12 + 12 i ) ( x + 12 12 i ) ( x + 12 + 12 i ) = 144 x 288 \frac{(x+12-12i)(x+12+12i)(x-12-12i)(x-12+12i)}{(x+12-12i)(x+12+12i)}=144x-288

( x 12 12 i ) ( x 12 + 12 i ) = 144 x 288 (x-12-12i)(x-12+12i)=144x-288

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x^2-24x+288=144x-288

x 2 168 + 576 = 0 x^2-168+576=0

Sum of all complex solutions = = Sum of roots = ( 168 ) = 168 = -(-168) = 168

x 4 + 4 1 2 4 = ( x 2 k x + 2 1 2 2 ) ( x 2 + k x + 2 1 2 2 ) x^4 + 4*12^4 = \left(x^2-kx+2*12^2\right)\left(x^2+kx+2*12^2\right)

= x 4 + 4 1 2 2 x 2 k 2 x 2 + 4 1 2 4 k = ± 24 = x^4 + 4*12^2x^2 -k^2x^2 +4*12^4 \Rightarrow k= \pm 24

( x 2 + 24 + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 \frac{\left(x^2+24+288\right)\left(x^2-24x+288\right)}{x^2+24x+288} = 144x-288

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x^2-24x+288=144x-288

x 2 168 x + 576 x^2 -168x + 576

x 1 + x 2 = 168 2 2 = 168 x_1 + x_2 = \frac{168*2}{2} = 168

Josh Petrin
Sep 4, 2013

By the Sophie Germain Identity, we find that x 4 + 4 12 = ( x 2 + 2 1 2 2 + 2 12 x ) ( x 2 + 2 1 2 2 2 12 x ) = ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) . \begin{aligned} x^4 + 4 \cdot 12 &= (x^2 + 2 \cdot 12^2 + 2 \cdot 12x)(x^2 + 2 \cdot 12^2 - 2 \cdot 12x) \\ &= (x^2 + 24x + 288)(x^2 - 24x + 288). \end{aligned} Plugging this into our equation, we see that x 4 + 4 1 2 4 x 2 + 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x 2 168 x + 2 288 = 0. \frac{x^4 + 4 \cdot 12^4}{x^2 + 24x + 288} = 144x - 288 \\ x^2 - 24x + 288 = 144x - 288 \\ x^2 - 168x + 2 \cdot 288 = 0. Therefore, our equation has two roots, and by Vieta's Formulae, we can see that their sum is equal to 168 \boxed{168} .

The question remains, though: Why on earth did we need to know the value of 1 2 4 12^4 ?

Josh Petrin - 7 years, 9 months ago

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Not every piece of information that is provided must be used in the question.

One reason for stating that, is to act as a red herring. A significant number of people gave 144 as their answer, presumably from applying Vieta's directly to x 4 + 4 × 1 2 4 = ( 144 x 288 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) x^4 + 4 \times 12^4 = (144x - 288) (x^2 + 24x + 288 ) .

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 9 months ago

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Although later I got my solution correct, first I was also applying this x 4 + 4 × 1 2 4 = ( 144 x 288 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) x^4+4×12^4=(144x-288)(x^2+24x+288) method.

But why the answer comes wrong with the above method. Can you please explain ?

Kishlaya Jaiswal - 7 years, 9 months ago
Jordi Bosch
Sep 2, 2013

Firstly have a look at this

Using Sophie Germain Identity we can factorize the numerator in this way:

x 4 + 4 1 2 4 = ( x 2 + 288 + 24 x ) ( x 2 + 288 24 x ) x^{4} + 4*12^{4} = (x^{2} + 288 + 24x)(x^{2} + 288 - 24x)

Now we can simplify it with the first factor of the denominator and so we get:

x 2 + 288 24 x = 144 x 288 x^{2} + 288 - 24x = 144x - 288

Simplifying:

x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 x^2 - 168x + 576 = 0

Using the formula we get as a solutions:

168 ± 25920 2 \frac{168 \pm \sqrt{25920}} {2}

Adding both solutions we get 168

I don't know how to write the solutions, excuse me.

Jordi Bosch - 7 years, 9 months ago

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You just need to be careful with your brackets. You had an additional bracket lying around, which is why the code will not compile.

For your reference, you used

\frac{168 \pm {\sqrt{25920}} {2} There is an extra { before \sqrt.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 9 months ago

168 ± 25920 2 \frac{168 \pm \sqrt{25920}}{2}

Kenneth Chan - 7 years, 9 months ago
Ho Wei Haw
Sep 2, 2013

By Sophie Germain Identity,

x 4 + 4 1 2 4 = ( x 2 24 x + 288 ) ( x 2 + 24 x + 288 ) x^4+4\cdot 12^4=(x^2-24x+288)(x^2+24x+288)

Hence, the above equation can be reduced into

x 2 24 x + 288 = 144 x 288 x^2-24x+288=144x-288

which is equivalent to

x 2 168 x + 576 = 0 x^2-168x+576=0

By Vieta's Formula, the sum of roots = 168.

nice

Shuaib Tarek - 7 years, 9 months ago

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