Find Zi Song's minimum

Algebra Level 3

Let a a be the minimum of x ( x 4 ) 2 y ( x y ) x(x - 4) - 2y(x - y) as x x and y y range over all real numbers. What is the value of a \vert a \vert ?

This problem is posed by Zi Song Y.


The answer is 8.

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19 solutions

Write the given expression as ( x y 2 ) 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 8 (x-y-2)^{2}+(y-2)^{2}-8 . As perfect square is non negative, the minimum value of expression is -8. And so a = -8 and hence the answer.......

How you get this?

Ajala Singh - 7 years, 6 months ago

check it out while writing the perfect square

Manikanta Yerraguntla - 7 years, 6 months ago

Sorry.. I don't really know LaTex... I don't have the best time to learn this thing but anyways.

We take the partial derivative of the function: f(x,y) = x(x-4) - 2y(x-y) = x^2 - 4x - 2xy + 2y^2

Taking the partial derivative for x: We have partial f/ partial x = 2x - 4 - 2y = 0

Taking the partial derivative for y: We have partial f/ partial y = 4y - 2x = 0

Solving the system yields x = 4 and y = 2.

Substituting back to the original function. The minimum value is therefore -8. Hence absolute value of a = 8.

ohYEA!!!! CALCULUS for shortcuts :DDDDDD

Kalyph Dioquino - 7 years, 6 months ago

I used the exact same method as you using calculus

Balaji Dodda - 7 years, 6 months ago
Tom Zhou
Dec 8, 2013

By expanding the given expression, we get x 2 4 x 2 x y + 2 y 2 x^2-4x-2xy+2y^2 . If we treat this as a quadratic in x x , we have x 2 4 x 2 x y + 2 y 2 = x 2 2 x ( y + 2 ) + 2 y 2 = [ x ( y + 2 ) ] 2 + [ 2 y 2 ( y + 2 ) 2 ] x^2-4x-2xy+2y^2=x^2-2x(y+2)+2y^2=[x-(y+2)]^2+[2y^2-(y+2)^2] . The minimum of this expression is 2 y 2 ( y + 2 ) 2 = y 2 4 x 4 2y^2-(y+2)^2=y^2-4x-4 . So we wish to minimize y 2 4 x 4 y^2-4x-4 . Completing the square, we get ( y 2 ) 2 8 (y-2)^2-8 and the minimum of this quadratic occurs when y = 2 y=2 and we get minimum of the original expression as 8 -8 . 8 = 8 |-8|=\boxed{8} .

its really simple and good!!!!!

jun suzuki - 7 years, 6 months ago

What you mean by treat this as a quadratic in x??

I see that you are explaining the equation, which is good. When I first saw it the other solution, I didn't understand how to get it.

Ajala Singh - 7 years, 6 months ago

Take the equation 2 x 2 9 x + 4 2x^2-9x+4 for example. This quadratic is in x x because x x is part of the coefficient of every term. By treating x 2 4 x 2 x y + 2 y 2 x^2-4x-2xy+2y^2 as a quadratic in x x , we would treat all other variables as constants so we would group the quadratic terms together, the linear terms together, and the constant terms together (remember that the y y in this equation is just constant when treating it as a quadratic in x x ).

Tom Zhou - 7 years, 6 months ago

I think u mean y^2−4y−4 right? instead of y^2−4x−4...

Jason Ooi - 7 years, 6 months ago
Sujoy Roy
Dec 17, 2013

x ( x 4 ) 2 y ( x y ) = 1 2 ( 2 x 2 8 x + 4 y 2 4 x y ) = 1 2 [ ( x 4 ) 2 + ( x 2 y ) 2 ] 8 x(x-4)-2y(x-y)=\frac{1}{2}(2x^2-8x+4y^2-4xy)=\frac{1}{2}[(x-4)^2+(x-2y)^2]-8 . The expression is minimum when x = 4 x=4 and y = 2 y=2 . So, a = 8 a=-8 . Answer is a = 8 |a|=\boxed{8}

The given expression is equivalent to ( x y 2 ) 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 8. (x-y-2)^2+(y-2)^2-8. Now since the first two terms in the sum are nonnegative and become zero when x = 4 x=4 and y = 2 y=2 , it follows that the minimum of the given expression is a = 8 a = -8 . Hence a = 8. |a| = 8.

Moderator note:

Nicely done, 3-vote boost from Brilliant :)

See comments for more details.

A "Calculus" way of solving this problem is to find when both partial derivatives are zero. However, this by itself only gives a correct numerical answer, not a justification.

Here is the detail of how to come up with such the equivalent form.

Expanding and completing the squares, we have

x ( x 4 ) 2 y ( x y ) = x 2 4 x 2 x y + 2 y 2 = ( x 2 2 x ( 2 + y ) + ( 2 + y ) 2 ) ( 2 + y ) 2 + 2 y 2 = ( x ( 2 + y ) ) 2 4 4 y + y 2 = ( x y 2 ) 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 8 \begin{aligned} x(x-4)-2y(x-y) &= x^2-4x-2xy+2y^2 \\ &= \big(x^2-2x(2+y)+(2+y)^2\big)-(2+y)^2+2y^2\\ &= \big(x-(2+y)\big)^2-4-4y+y^2 \\ &= (x-y-2)^2+(y-2)^2-8 \end{aligned}

Aram Tangboonduangjit - 7 years, 10 months ago

This is an elegant way...

Krishna Jha - 7 years, 10 months ago

Is there a "secret" for coming up with these sorts of factorizations? I solved the problem by setting both partial derivatives = 0 and solving for x and y, since I couldn't come up with an elementary solution such as this.

Steve Gregg - 7 years, 10 months ago

Log in to reply

Expanding and completing the square is the "secret".

Justin Wong - 7 years, 10 months ago
Maedhros 777
Dec 9, 2013

First, we find the minimum of the expression given a constant x. Let f ( y ) = x ( x 4 ) 2 y ( x y ) = x ( x 4 ) 2 x y + 2 y 2 f(y) = x(x - 4) - 2y(x - y) = x(x - 4) - 2xy + 2y^2 Using calculus: f ( y ) = 2 x + 4 y = 0 , y = x / 2 f'(y) = -2x + 4y = 0, y = x/2 We know this is the minimum and not the maximum of f(y) since f ( y ) = 4 > 0 f''(y) = 4 > 0 Now substituting into the original expression: g ( x ) = x ( x 4 ) x ( x / 2 ) = x 2 4 x x 2 / 2 = x 2 / 2 4 x g(x) = x(x - 4) - x(x/2) = x^2 - 4x - x^2/2 = x^2/2 - 4x Since this is the equation of a parabola, the minimum is at -b/2a = -(-4)/1 = 4 and so a = g ( 4 ) = 8 , a = 8 a = g(4) = -8, |a| = 8

x( x- 4) - 2xy( x - y ) = x 2 x^2 - x( 4 + 2y ) + 2 y 2 y^2

From that quadratic equation, we can find the minimum value by D 4 a \frac{D}{-4a}

So, The minimum value of that expression is :

D 4 a \frac{D}{-4a} = 4 y 2 + 16 y + 16 4 \frac{-4y^2 + 16y +16}{-4} = y 2 4 y 4 y^2 - 4y - 4 = ( y 2 ) 2 8 (y-2)^2 - 8

Because ( y 2 ) 2 (y-2)^2 \geq 0 , so, a = -8 , |a| = 8

Moderator note:

Great approach using just properties of the quadratic equation. This also explains why the minimum value can be achieved.

Yash Mittal
Dec 9, 2013

F(x,y) = x^2- 4x -2xy +2y^2

It is a fn in 2 variables.

To find minima , partially diff f w.r.t. x & y resp.,

Equate both to 0 & find common solution.

. δ(f)/δx = 2x-4-2x=0

.δf/δx = -2x+4y=0

From above two eq, x=4,y=2

Therefore, a=f(4,2)=-8

|a|=8

Can you explain your thinking step by step? How do you know that is a minima point? Why can't it be a maxima point, or a saddle point?

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 6 months ago
Alfa Beta
Jul 27, 2013

If you let x=A, constant, then the smallest value of parabola 2yy -2yA +A(A-4) is y=A/2, ie y=x/2. Knowing that, we seek the lowest value of parabola x(x-4)-2(x/2)(x-x/2) = xx/2-4x which is at x=4. That minimum "a" is -8. So |a| is 8.

Taehyung Kim
Jul 24, 2013

Assuming that y y is constant, we can find the minimum by taking the derivative. d ( x ( x 4 ) 2 y ( x y ) ) d x = 2 x 4 2 y = 0 x = y + 2 \frac{d(x(x-4) - 2y(x-y))}{dx} = 2x - 4 - 2y = 0 \implies x = y + 2 Thus, we can substitute x = y + 2 x = y + 2 and then find the minimum of the resulting expression d ( ( y + 2 ) ( y 2 ) 2 y ( 2 ) ) d y = 2 y 4 = 0 y = 2. \frac{d((y+2)(y-2) - 2y(2))}{dy} = 2y - 4 = 0 \implies y = 2. Now substituting gives a minimum of 2 2 4 2 4 = 8 2^2 -4\cdot 2 - 4 = -8 . So our answer is a = 8 |a| = 8 .

Nguyễn Anh
Jul 22, 2013

we have the following equation: x^2 - 4x - 2xy + 2y^2 = a

Multiplying both sides by 2 yields: (2y-x)^2 + (x-4)^2 = 2a + 16

The left side is always positive; hence 2a + 16 >= 0 for all x,y

=> a >= -8 => the minimum of a is -8

Thus |a| = 8

Evan Chien
Jul 22, 2013

The most obvious value of x to make x(x−4)−2y(x−y) as low as possible is x=4 since if x=4, the first part, x(x−4), equals 0. To make the lowest value of x(x−4)−2y(x−y), you must maximize the value of 2y(x−y). By plugging in x=4 into 2y(x−y), you get 2y(4-y)=8y-2y^2. To make 8y-2y^2 the largest value possible y must =2. Plugging in x=4, y=2 into x(x−4)−2y(x−y), you get -8 and |-8|=8

Omar Obeya
Jul 22, 2013

Using Differentiation:

Let z = x(x−4)−2y(x−y), let's differentiate z with respect to x (we will consider y constant).

i.e. We are trying to answer the following question: For a certain value of y,what is the value of x that yields the minimum value of z?

z = x^2 - 4x - 2yx + 2y^2

dz/dx = 2x - 4 - 2y + 0

when dz/dx = 0

2x - 4 - 2y = 0

x = 2 + y

d(dz/dx)/dx = 2 (> 0 which ensures z is minimum when x = y+2 for a constant y)

(this means for any y value x = y+2 let z be minimum)

let's reformulate z in terms of y only:

z = y^2 - 4y - 4

Let's find the value of y that let z be minimum:

dz/dy = 2y-4

when 2y-4 = 0

y = 2

z = 8

d(dz/dy)/dy = 2 (> 0 which ensures z is minimum at 2 NOT maximum)

Gil Deon Basa
Jul 22, 2013

We have x(x-4)-2y(x-y)=a Let x=4 so that the first term will be equal to 0 and the equation will be;

-2y(4-y)=a. To get the minimum value of a, y must be a positive integer less than 4 for us to have the term -2y be negative and for the term 4-y be positive so that when you multiply the two, the result is negative. Therefore y=2 and a=-2(2)(4-2)=-8 and its absolute value is 8.

To get the smallest a : x ( x -4) needs to be small and 2 _y_(_x_-_y_) needs to be high. Both _x_ and _y_ must be positive. To have the first multiplication smaller or equal to zero, _x_ should be less than four. To have the second multiplication bigger than 0, _y_ must be smaller than _x_. After checking all the possibilities we see that the smallest _a_ we get with _x_=4 and _y_=2. 4(4-4)-2 2(4-2)=-8. |-8|=8

Moderator note:

I’d disagree with your first statement, because the two values are highly correlated to each other. You’d have to explain why you set the first value to arbitrarily be 0. Also, how did you “check all the possibilities”? There are infinitely many, since we are dealing with real numbers, and not just integers.

Pedro Soares
Jul 21, 2013

2y(x-y)=-(2y²-2yx), which is a quadratic function whose roots are 0 and x, so the maximum value that this function can assume is when y=x/2, 2(x/2)²-2(x/2)x=-x²/2. Now we have that the minimum value of x(x-4)-2y(x-y) is x²-4x-x²/2=x²/2-4x which also is a quadratic function whose roots are 0 and 8, so the the minimum value is reached when x=4, so a=(4)²/2 -4(4)=-8, and |a|=8

initially, consider y as a constant. Now the expression is a quadratic in a single variable x . Now differentiate the expression and on equating the differential to zero we get a relation between x and y as...... x=2+y . Now substitute this equation in original expression so that it transforms into an expression in a single variable . now we can get the least value of the final expression as (-8) . And thus the answer is 8.

Moderator note:

Be very careful with your writeup. So what if the differential is set to 0? Why isn’t it a maximum point, or even a saddle point?

Kunal Singh
Jul 21, 2013

Let f ( x , y ) = x ( x - 4) - 2 y ( x - y ) = x ^2 - 4 x - 2 xy + 2 y ^2 . To find the minimum of f ( x , y ) , we will differentiate f ( x , y ) partially , first , w.r.t. x treating y as a constant and then w.r.t. y treating x as a constant and equate both equations to zero to find the values of x and y which on substituting in f ( x , y ) will give us its minimum value .Therefore ,

\frac{\partial f ( x , y )}{\partial x } = 2 x - 4 - 2 y = 0

\Rightarrow x - y = 2 ........eq-1

Similarly , \frac{\partial f ( x , y )}{\partial y } = -2 x + 4 y = 0

\Rightarrow x = 2 y . Substituting the value of x in eq-1 , we get

2 y - y = 2 \Rightarrow y = 2 . Therefore , x = 2 y = 4 . Thus , f ( x , y ) is minimum when x = 4 and y = 2 . Hence , the minimum value of f ( x , y ) ,i.e. a = 4 \times (4 - 4) - 2 \times 2 \times (4 - 2) = -8 .Therefore , | a | = 8 .

Rahul Gupta
Jul 21, 2013

Expanding the statement yields x 2 4 x 2 y x + 2 y 2 x^2-4x-2yx+2y^2 . Completing the square for x yields x 2 4 x + 4 2 y x + 2 y 2 4 x^2-4x+4-2yx+2y^2-4 , or ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 y 2 2 y x 4 (x-2)^2+2y^2-2yx-4 . Slightly changing this to ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 ( y 2 y x ) 4 (x-2)^2+2(y^2-yx)-4 and completing the square for y yields ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 ( y 2 y x + x 2 4 ) 4 x 2 2 (x-2)^2+2(y^2-yx+\frac{x^2}{4})-4-\frac{x^2}{2} . Factoring yields ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 ( y x 2 ) 2 4 x 2 2 (x-2)^2+2(y-\frac{x}{2})^2-4-\frac{x^2}{2} . Since y only appears once, and since the statement 2 ( y x 2 ) 2 2(y-\frac{x}{2})^2 is always 0 \geq 0 , we can just set y = x 2 y=\frac{x}{2} , making that term 0, and effectively get rid of it. Now we're left with the task of minimizing ( x 2 ) 2 4 x 2 2 (x-2)^2-4-\frac{x^2}{2} . Expanding and simplifying yields x 2 2 4 x \frac{x^2}{2}-4x . Differentiating this yields x 4 x-4 . The minimum is achieved when this is equal to 0, so x = 4 x=4 . Substituting 4 for x in x 2 2 4 x \frac{x^2}{2}-4x yields -8, so |-8|=8.

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