An ant is at point A. It wants to go to point B in shortest possible path staying on the grid lines (i.e. it can only go right and up). In how many ways it can go to B from A?
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Every path from A to B has to go through one of three points, call them P, Q and R, as shown below on the left.
Let's call a network of paths, like the one from A to P or from P to B, a "complete rectangle". If such a network consists of m steps to the right, and n steps upwards, the number of shortest paths would be m ! n ! ( m + n ) ! = ( m m + n ) . One way to see this is to label each step to the right as R, and every step upward as U; then each path is a permutation of m R's and n U's.
Then the number of paths from A to B that go through P is ( 2 6 ) ( 3 8 ) ; the number of paths from A to B that go through Q is ( 3 6 ) ( 4 8 ) ; and the number of paths from A to B that go through R is again ( 2 6 ) ( 3 8 ) . Then the total number of paths is
( 2 6 ) ( 3 8 ) + ( 3 6 ) ( 4 8 ) + ( 2 6 ) ( 3 8 ) = 3 0 8 0