Flip the coin yourself

Six people each flip a fair coin. Everyone who flipped tails then flips their coin again. Given that the probability that all the coins are heads can be expressed as x y \dfrac{x}{y} , where x x and y y are coprime positive integers .

Find x + y x+y .


The answer is 4825.

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3 solutions

Sam Bealing
Jul 10, 2016

As each person is independent of the others we can consider each set of tosses separately. We refer to tossing a head \text{head} as H H and tail \text{tail} as T T

There are two ways of ending up with a H \text{H} . You can either go H \text{H} or TH \text{TH} :

P ( H ) + P ( T H ) = 1 2 + 1 2 × 1 2 = 3 4 P(H)+P(TH)=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{4}

We now use this to find the probability of 6 6 people ending up on heads \text{heads} :

( 3 4 ) 6 = 729 4096 x = 729 , y = 4096 x + y = 4825 \left ( \dfrac{3}{4} \right)^6=\dfrac{729}{4096} \implies x=729,y=4096 \implies x+y= \boxed{\boxed{4825}}

Moderator note:

Good approach recognizing that the events are independent, and so could be considered separately.

that was quick...

Satyabrata Dash - 4 years, 11 months ago

I misunderstood the question. I took the question as - If a certain number of people end up with tails, they will flip again until they get heads, i.e., at each stage the people with tails will continue this process recursively till I have all heads. Could you help me in finding the probability in that case? I am constantly ending up with 1 as my answer but am unble to justify it logically.

Thanks!

Yugesh Kothari - 4 years, 9 months ago
Hana Wehbi
Jul 13, 2016

Consider each coin individually. The probability for a given coin to end as tails requires the first flip to be tails, as well as the second flip to be tails, which occurs with probability 1 2 1 2 = 1 4 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{4} . Therefore the probability of ending with heads is 1 1 4 = 3 4 1 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{3}{4} . Since there are six coins, the probability for all coins to be heads is ( 3 4 ) 6 = 729 4096 \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^6 = \frac{729}{4096} , so the answer is 729 + 4096 = 4825 729 + 4096 = \boxed{4825}

Gopinath No
Jul 13, 2016

We may also solve it by composition of ordinary generating functions:

Let P ( x ) P(x) indicate the g.f. for a coin flip, where x represents the formal variable for a tail.

P ( x ) = ( 1 2 + 1 2 x ) P(x) = \left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} x\right) Since only the people who get a tail toss again, we can take the composition, and raise to power 6 for six people:

P ( P ( x ) ) 6 = 1 2 6 ( 1 + ( 1 + x 2 ) ) 6 P(P(x))^6 = \frac{1}{2^6} \left(1+\left(\frac{1+x}{2}\right)\right)^6 and since all heads is the constant term, answer is 3 6 2 12 \dfrac{3^6}{2^{12}}

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