Focal triangle in an ellipse

Calculus Level 4

The ellipse shown in the figure above is given by 1 4 x 2 + y 2 = 1 \frac{1}{4}{x^2} + y^2 = 1 . We select a point P P randomly on the ellipse and connect the point P P with the two foci F 1 F_1 and F 2 F_2 and extend the line segments to meet the ellipse again at A A and B B respectively. Find the maximum possible area of such a focal triangle.


The answer is 2.262.

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2 solutions

Mark Hennings
Sep 8, 2020

Note that F 1 , F 2 F_1,F_2 have coordinates ( 3 , 0 ) (-\sqrt{3},0) and ( 3 , 0 ) (\sqrt{3},0) respectively. If P P has coordinates ( 2 cos t , sin t ) (2\cos t,\sin t) , the A , B A,B have coordinates A : ( 2 7 cos t + 4 3 7 + 4 3 cos t , sin t 7 + 4 3 cos t ) B : ( 2 7 cos t 4 3 7 4 3 cos t , sin t 7 4 3 cos t ) A \; : \; \left(-2\frac{7\cos t + 4\sqrt{3}}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}\cos t}, - \frac{\sin t}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}\cos t}\right) \hspace{1cm} B \; : \; \left(-2\frac{7\cos t - 4\sqrt{3}}{7 - 4\sqrt{3}\cos t}, - \frac{\sin t}{7 - 4\sqrt{3}\cos t}\right) (solving simultaneously the equations of P F 1 PF_1 and the ellipse, and of P F 2 PF_2 and the ellipse), and hence P A B PAB has area Δ ( t ) = 8 3 sin t ( 5 3 cos 2 t ) 25 24 cos 2 t \Delta(t) \; = \; \frac{8\sqrt{3}\sin t(5 - 3\cos2t)}{25 - 24\cos2t} using the fact that the triangle with vertices ( x 1 , y 1 ) (x_1,y_1) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) (x_2,y_2) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) (x_3,y_3) has area equal to half the modulus of the determinant x 1 y 1 1 x 2 y 2 1 x 3 y 3 1 \left|\begin{array}{ccc} x_1 & y_1 & 1 \\ x_2 & y_2 & 1 \\ x_3 & y_3 & 1 \end{array}\right| Elementary calculus shows that Δ ( t ) \Delta(t) is maximised when t = 1 2 π t = \tfrac12\pi , and Δ ( 1 2 π ) = 64 49 3 = 2.262270443 \Delta(\tfrac12\pi) = \tfrac{64}{49}\sqrt{3} = \boxed{2.262270443}

Solving equations and points given, we obtain three points that make up the triangle, ( 24 7 3 , 1 7 ) , ( 24 7 3 , 1 7 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) (\dfrac{-24}{7\sqrt3}, \dfrac{-1}{7}), (\dfrac{24}{7\sqrt3}, \dfrac{-1}{7}), (0,1) , and then find the sides of the triangle by distance formula, to use heron's formula for the area. See the graph and the equations obtained here

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