For positive real numbers a , b , c , d , with a b c d = 1 , find the value of the expression 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b + 1 + b + b c + b c d 1 + b + b c + 1 + c + c d + c d a 1 + c + c d + 1 + d + d a + d a b 1 + d + d a
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Since a b c d = 1 we see that 1 + b + b c + b c d 1 + b + b c 1 + c + c d + c d a 1 + c + c d 1 + d + d a + d a b 1 + d + d a = 1 + a + a b + a b c a ( 1 + b + b c ) = 1 + a + a b + a b c a + a b + a b c = 1 + a + a b + a b c a b ( 1 + c + c d ) = 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a b + a b c = 1 + a + a b + a b c a b c ( 1 + d + d a ) = 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b c and hence 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b + 1 + b + b c + b c d 1 + b + b c + 1 + c + c d + c d a 1 + c + c d + 1 + d + d a + d a b 1 + d + d a = 1 + a + a b + a b c ( 1 + a + a b ) + ( a + a b + a b c ) + ( 1 + a b + a b c ) + ( 1 + a + a b c ) = 3
The simple way: set a = b = c = d = 1 and the expression evaluates to 3. So if any answer is right, it must be 3.
In proving that this holds for arbitrary positive a , b , c , d , I can't improve other solutions.
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X = 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b + 1 + b + b c + b c d 1 + b + b c + 1 + c + c d + c d a 1 + c + c d + 1 + d + d a + d a b 1 + d + d a = 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b + 1 + b + b c + b c d 1 + b + b c × a a + 1 + c + c d + c d a 1 + c + c d × a b a b + 1 + d + d a + d a b 1 + d + d a × a b c a b c = 1 + a + a b + a b c 1 + a + a b + a + a b + a b c + 1 a + a b + a b c + a b + a b c + 1 + a a b + a b c + 1 + a b c + 1 + a + a b a b c + 1 + a = 1 + a + a b + a b c 3 + 3 a + 3 a b + 3 a b c = 3