If the definite integral with respect to from to can be expressed as - + where gcd (q, r) = 1 and p, q, r, s and t are all positive integers,
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Let x 2 be d x d u and t a n − 1 x be v . Then u = 3 1 x 3 while d x d v = 1 + x 2 1 . Now we get ( 3 1 x 3 ) t a n − 1 x minus the antiderivative of ( 3 1 x 3 ) 1 + x 2 1 . Substituting 1 and 0 into ( 3 1 x 3 ) ( t a n − 1 x ) gives us 3 1 ( 4 π ) − 0 = 1 2 π
Now rewrite 3 1 1 + x 2 x 3 as 3 1 ( x − 1 + x 2 x ) . Integrating this gives us 3 1 [ 2 1 ( x 2 ) − 2 1 l n ( 1 + x 2 ) ] = 6 1 [ x 2 − l n ( 1 + x 2 ) ] . Substituting 1 and 0 into this gives us 6 1 − 6 l n 2 − 0 .
It follows that the answer is 1 2 π - 6 1 + 6 l n 2 and we have 1 2 + 1 + 6 + 2 + 6 = 2 7 .