Can method of difference save the day?

Algebra Level 4

For integer x x , we have f ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) 1 f(x+1) - f(x) \geq 1 and f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) 5 f(x+5) - f(x) \leq 5 . If f ( 0 ) = 496 f(0)=-496 , then what is the value of f ( 1000 ) f(1000) ?


The answer is 504.

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3 solutions

From the first equation, we can see that f ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) 1 f(x+1)-f(x)\geq1

f ( x + 2 ) f ( x ) 2 \Rightarrow f(x+2)-f(x)\geq2 , and so on till, f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) 5 f(x+5)-f(x)\geq5

But the second equation states f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) 5 f(x+5)-f(x)\leq5 . Therefore, f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) = 5 f(x+5)-f(x)=5 , or f ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) = 1 f(x+1)-f(x)=1 . Extrapolating a common expression, f ( n ) = f ( 0 ) + n f(n)=f(0)+n

Therefore, f ( 1000 ) = 496 + 1000 = 504 f(1000)=-496+1000=\boxed{504}

Hi! Is this what is called a functional equation and is this the general method used to solve them and also is it right to assume what you did in the third step....I mean the f(5+x)-f(x)=5...?

Jayakumar Krishnan - 6 years, 10 months ago

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This specific case can be interpreted in this way, however I am not sure it can be generalized to every functional equation.

Nanayaranaraknas Vahdam - 6 years, 10 months ago

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Well yes, you are right. I dont think this can be generalized to all functions.

Krishna Ar - 6 years, 10 months ago

@Jayakumar Krishnan you might want to try this https://brilliant.org/community-problem/functional-inequality/

Abhinav Raichur - 6 years, 8 months ago
Deepanshu Gupta
Aug 25, 2014

since f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) = 5 f(x+5)-f(x)=5 .

=> f ( x + 5 ) f ( x ) / ( 5 + x ) ( x ) = 1 {f(x+5)-f(x)}/{(5+x)-(x)}=1 .

let p ( x , f ( x ) ) a n d Q ( x + 5 , f ( x + 5 ) ) p(x,f(x)) and Q(x+5,f(x+5)) .

so slope of pq=1

for every such points

=>f(x) must be straight line with slope=1

now f ( 0 ) = 496 f(0)= - 496 .

so

f ( x ) = x 496 f(x)= x - 496 .

f ( 1000 ) = 504 f(1000)=504 .

Arturo Presa
Jan 31, 2015

Let us start proving by contradiction that f ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) = 1 f o r a l l x Z ( ) f(x+1)-f(x)=1 \quad for\quad all\quad x\in Z \quad \quad (*) Assume, at the contrary, that there is an integer k such that f ( k + 1 ) f ( k ) > 1 f(k+1)-f(k)> 1 . Since f ( k + 1 ) f ( k ) > 1 f(k+1)-f(k)>1 and f ( k + 2 ) f ( k + 1 ) 1 f(k+2)-f(k+1)\geq1 f ( k + 3 ) f ( k + 2 ) 1 f(k+3)-f(k+2)\geq 1 f ( k + 4 ) f ( k + 3 ) 1 f(k+4)-f(k+3)\geq 1 f ( k + 5 ) f ( k + 4 ) 1 , f(k+5)-f(k+4)\geq 1, by adding all these inequalities and cancelling terms we would get that f ( k + 5 ) f ( x ) > 5 f(k+5)-f(x) >5 that would contradict the condition f ( x + 5 ) f ( 5 ) 5 f(x+5)-f(5)\leq 5 for all integer values of x x .
Now we are going to prove that ( ) (*) implies that f ( n ) = f ( 0 ) + n f(n)= f(0)+n \quad for any integer n 0 n\geq 0 . We can use Mathematical Induction. It is clear that this property is true when n = 0 n=0 . Assume that f ( m ) = f ( 0 ) + m f(m)=f(0)+m for an integer m 0 m\geq 0 . Then using the latter and using (*) , f ( m + 1 ) = f ( m ) + 1 = f ( 0 ) + m + 1 f(m+1)=f(m)+1= f(0)+m+1 , which proves the induction thesis. Therefore f ( n ) = f ( 0 ) + n f(n)=f(0)+n for all non-negative integer n n and in particular f ( 1000 ) = f ( 0 ) + 1000 = 496 + 1000 = 504. f(1000)=f(0)+1000=-496+1000=504.

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