Functional Equation Mood!

Algebra Level 5

Let f ( x ) f(x) be a solution of the functional equation f ( x ) + f ( ϕ ( x ) ) = x , f(x)+f(\phi(x))=x, defined on the largest possible domain of real numbers, and where ϕ ( x ) = x cos 2 π 5 + sin 2 π 5 cos 2 π 5 x sin 2 π 5 . \phi(x)=\frac{x \cos \frac{2 \pi }{5}+\sin \frac{2 \pi }{5}}{\cos \frac{2 \pi }{5}-x \sin \frac{2 \pi }{5}}. If such a function f f does not exist, enter 0. If such a function f f exists, enter the largest possible value of 200 f ( 0 ) \lfloor -200f(0)\rfloor over all possible functions f f if this maximum value exists, or -11 if it does not.


The answer is 760.

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1 solution

Arturo Presa
Aug 16, 2019

It is easy to see that ϕ n ( x ) = x cos ( 2 π n 5 ) + sin ( 2 π n 5 ) cos ( 2 π n 5 ) x sin ( 2 π n 5 ) , \phi^n(x)=\frac{x \cos \left(\frac{2 \pi n}{5}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{2 \pi n}{5}\right)}{\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi n}{5}\right)-x \sin \left(\frac{2 \pi n}{5}\right)}, where ϕ n \phi^n represents the composition of ϕ \phi with itself n n times. Therefore, ϕ 5 ( x ) = x . \phi^5(x)=x. Then the following equations hold for any x x in the largest set of numbers where the functions ϕ , ϕ 2 , ϕ 3 , ϕ 4 \phi, \phi^2, \phi^3,\phi^4 are defined, f ( x ) + f ( ϕ ( x ) ) = x f(x)+f(\phi(x))=x f ( ϕ ( x ) ) + f ( ϕ 2 ( x ) ) = ϕ ( x ) f(\phi(x))+f(\phi^2(x))=\phi(x) f ( ϕ 2 ( x ) ) + f ( ϕ 3 ( x ) ) = ϕ 2 ( x ) f(\phi^2(x))+f(\phi^3(x))=\phi^2(x) f ( ϕ 3 ( x ) ) + f ( ϕ 4 ( x ) ) = ϕ 3 ( x ) f(\phi^3(x))+f(\phi^4(x))=\phi^3(x) f ( ϕ 4 ( x ) ) + f ( x ) = ϕ 4 ( x ) . f(\phi^4(x))+f(x)=\phi^4(x). Multiplying the second and fourth equations by negative one and adding all of them, we obtain that the only solution f ( x ) f(x) of the given functional equation must satisfy that 2 f ( x ) = x ϕ ( x ) + ϕ 2 ( x ) ϕ 3 ( x ) + ϕ 4 ( x ) . 2f(x)=x-\phi(x)+\phi^2(x)-\phi^3(x)+\phi^4(x). Evaluating at 0 0 2 f ( 0 ) = ϕ ( 0 ) + ϕ 2 ( 0 ) ϕ 3 ( 0 ) + ϕ 4 ( 0 ) = tan 2 π 5 + tan 4 π 5 tan 6 π 5 + tan 8 π 5 = 7.608... 2f(0)= -\phi(0) +\phi^2(0)-\phi^3(0)+\phi^4(0)= - \tan \frac{2\pi}{5}+\tan \frac{4\pi}{5}-\tan \frac{6\pi}{5}+\tan \frac{8\pi}{5}= -7.608... Then the answer will be 760. \boxed{760.}

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