Functional Modulus

Algebra Level 5

f ( x 1 ) x 1 = f ( x 2 ) x 2 = f ( x 3 ) x 3 = = f ( x n ) x n |f(x_{1})-x_{1}|=|f(x_{2})-x_{2}|=|f(x_{3})-x_{3}|=\ldots=|f(x_{n})-x_{n}|

Let n n be an odd positive integer and let x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 , , x n x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, x_{4}, x_{5}, \ldots, x_{n} be distinct real numbers. Find the total number of one-to-one functions f : ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , , x n ) ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , , x n ) f: (x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3},\ldots, x_{n}) \rightarrow (x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, \ldots , x_{n}) such that the equation above is satisfied.

This is not my original problem.


The answer is 1.

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1 solution

Surya Prakash
Jun 29, 2015

Clearly f ( x ) = x f(x) = x is a solution.

Let f ( x ) x f(x) \neq x and let f ( x i ) = x j i f(x_{i}) = x_{j_{i}} ; which implies that x i x j i x_{i} \neq x_{j_{i}} (as it was our assumption that f ( x ) x f(x) \neq x ).

Now let f ( x 1 ) x 1 = f ( x 2 ) x 2 = . . . . . . . . . . = f ( x n ) x n = k 0 |f(x_{1}) - x_{1}| =|f(x_{2}) - x_{2}| = .......... =|f(x_{n}) - x_{n}| = k \neq 0 .

So, f ( x 1 ) x 1 = ± k f(x_{1}) - x_{1} = \pm k , f ( x 2 ) x 2 = ± k f(x_{2}) - x_{2} = \pm k .......... f ( x n ) x n = ± k f(x_{n}) - x_{n} = \pm k .

Adding up all these equalities, f ( x 1 ) + . . . . . . . . + f ( x n ) x 1 . . . . . . . x n = ± k . . . . . n t i m e s . . . ± k f(x_{1})+........+f(x_{n})-x_{1}.......-x_{n} = \pm k .....'n' times... \pm k

But f ( x 1 ) , f ( x 2 ) , . . . . . . . f ( x n ) f(x_{1}),f(x_{2}),.......f(x_{n}) are permutations of x 1 , x 2 , . . . . . . x n x_{1},x_{2},......x_{n} .

So L.H.S is equal to zero. But R.H.S cannot become zero because if l l k's are positive, then n l n-l k's are negative. which forces that among l l and n l n-l one is even and the other is odd.

So, there will be odd numbers of k's left over, which will not sum to zero.

So, only one one-one function exists.

\therefore No. of functions = 1 \boxed{1} .

nice problem! However you should give n a large determinate value to mislead solvers. In the current form the question implies that the answer will remain same for each value of n, therefore solvers could just plug in n=1 and see that the answer =1.

Adit Mohan - 5 years, 11 months ago

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Ohh !! thank you for ur suggestion. By the way try this problem Vieta Root Jumping

Surya Prakash - 5 years, 11 months ago

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