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Let d ( n ) d(n) be the number of positive divisors of a natural number n n .

Find the number of natural numbers n n such that d ( n ) = n p d(n)=\frac{n}{p} where p p is a prime and n 2250 n\leq2250 .

For a easier version, see Summer's over ... .


The answer is 103.

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1 solution

Souryajit Roy
Oct 7, 2014

Note that p n p|n .So let n = p r p 1 r 1 . . . . p k r k n=p^{r}p_{1}^{r_{1}}....p_{k}^{r_{k}} where p i p_{i} form a strict increasing sequence of primes.

Divide the problem into 2 cases

i. k = 0 k=0 .

Hence, p r 1 = r + 1 p^{r-1}=r+1 .

The only solutions are p = 2 , r = 3 p=2,r=3 and p = 3 , r = 2 p=3,r=2 .

Hence, n = 8 n=8 or 9 9

ii. k 1 k≥1 .Now consider the following two sub-cases-

a. p 1 3 p_{1}≥3

Then p i r i > r i + 1 p_{i}^{r_{i}}>r_{i}+1

Now, p r 1 p 1 r 1 . . . . p k r k = ( r + 1 ) ( r 1 + 1 ) . . . . ( r k + 1 ) p^{r-1}p_{1}^{r_{1}}....p_{k}^{r_{k}}=(r+1)(r_{1}+1)....(r_{k}+1) .

So, p r 1 < r + 1 p^{r-1}<r+1 .This occurs only when r = 1 r=1 or ( p , r ) = ( 2 , 2 ) (p,r)=(2,2) .

Let r = 1 r=1 .Then 2 p 1 r 1 . . . . p k r k 2|p_{1}^{r_{1}}....p_{k}^{r_{k}} contradiction!

So, ( p , r ) = ( 2 , 2 ) (p,r)=(2,2) is the only choice.

Hence, 2. p 1 r 1 . . . p k r k = 3 ( r 1 + 1 ) . . . ( r k + 1 ) 2.p_{1}^{r_{1}}...p_{k}^{r_{k}}=3(r_{1}+1)...(r_{k}+1)

Hence, p 1 = 3 p_{1}=3 . Hence 2. 3 r 1 . . . p k r k = 3 ( r 1 + 1 ) . . . ( r k + 1 ) 2.3^{r_{1}}...p_{k}^{r_{k}}=3(r_{1}+1)...(r_{k}+1)

We know that, 2. 3 r 1 3 ( r 1 + 1 ) 2.3^{r_{1}}≥3(r_{1}+1) .Equality occurs iff r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 .

Also, p i r i r i + 1 p_{i}^{r_{i}}≥r_{i}+1 for i 2 i≥2

So, we require k = 1 k=1 and r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 .Hence n = 2 2 . 3 1 = 12 n=2^{2}.3^{1}=12

b.Let p 1 = 2 p_{1}=2 .Now again consider two sub-cases.

i. r = 1 r=1 .

Then, 2 r 1 2 ( r 1 + 1 ) 2^{r_{1}}≤ 2(r_{1}+1) , Therefore, r 1 = 1 , 2 o r 3 r_{1}=1,2 or 3

However, r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 or 3 3 implies 2 n p p 1 2|\frac{n}{pp_{1}} i.e., 2 p 2 2|p_{2} . But p 2 < p 1 = 2 p_{2}<p_{1}=2 .

So, then n cannot have any prime factor, i.e., k = 1 k=1 .

But then, r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 => p 0 = 2 p^{0}=2 => 1 = 2 1=2

r 1 = 3 r_{1}=3 => 8. p 0 = 4 ( r + 1 ) 8.p^{0}=4(r+1) => r = 1 r=1

So, r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 leads to contradiction and r 1 = 3 r_{1}=3 leads to circularity which is to say that any prime p 2 p≠2 satisfies it, which implies n = 8 p n=8p for some prime p 2 p≠2

If r 1 = 2 r_{1}=2 , then p 2 = 3 p_{2}=3 . Then similarly as above, 2. 3 r 2 3 ( r 2 + 1 ) 2.3^{r_{2}}≤3(r_{2}+1) which is satisfied by only r 2 = 1 r_{2}=1 and hence n n has no other prime factor, i.e., k = 2 k=2 .

Hence, n = 12 p n=12p for any prime p > 3 p>3 .

ii. r > 1 r>1

Then, p r 1 r + 1 p^{r-1}≥r+1 and p i r i > r i + 1 p_{i}^{r_{i}}>r_{i}+1 for all i > 1 i>1

Therefore, 2 r 1 r 1 + 1 2^{r_{1}}≤r_{1}+1 which has r 1 = 1 r_{1}=1 as the only solution.But then again the inequality above becomes an equality and so n cannot have any other prime factor.

This makes k = 1 k=1 and p r 1 = r + 1 p^{r-1}=r+1 which occurs only when p = 3 p=3 and r = 2 r=2 .

So, n = 18 n=18 is another solution.

In summary,

1) If p = 2 p=2 , hen n = 8 n=8 or n = 12 n=12

2)If p = 3 p=3 , then n = 9 n=9 , n = 18 n=18 or n = 24 n=24

3)If p > 3 p>3 , then n = 8 p n=8p or n = 12 p n=12p

Now count the number of all such n n .The answer will be 103 103 .

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