r = 0 ∑ 1 0 r 2 + 3 r + 2 3 r r ! ( 3 r 2 + 5 r + 1 ) = 1 2 3 m n ! − 1 2
The equation above holds true for natural numbers m and n . Find m − n .
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Let S k = r = 0 ∑ k r 2 + 3 r + 2 3 r r ! ( 3 r 2 + 5 r + 1 ) . Then we can prove by induction that S k = k + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! − 1 for k = 0 .
Proof:
For k = 0 , S 0 = 2 3 0 0 ! ( 1 ) = 2 1 = 0 + 2 3 0 + 1 ( 0 + 1 ) ! − 1 . Therefore, the claim is true for k = 0 . Now assuming the claim is true for k , then we have:
S k + 1 = S k + ( k + 1 ) 2 + 3 ( k + 1 ) + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! ( 3 ( k + 1 ) 2 + 5 ( k + 1 ) + 1 ) = k + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! − 1 + ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! ( 3 k 2 + 1 1 k + 9 ) = k + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! ( 1 + k + 3 3 k 2 + 1 1 k + 9 ) − 1 = k + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! ( k + 3 3 k 2 + 1 2 k + 1 2 ) − 1 = k + 2 3 k + 1 ( k + 1 ) ! ( k + 3 3 ( k + 2 ) 2 ) − 1 = k + 3 3 k + 2 ( k + 2 ) ! − 1
This implies that the claim is also true for k + 1 and hence true for all k ≥ 0 .
Therefore, S 1 0 = 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 ! − 1 = 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 ! − 1 2 , ⟹ m − n = 1 1 − 1 1 = 0 .
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r 2 + 3 r + 2 3 r ( r ) ! ( 3 r 2 + 5 r + 1 ) = r + 2 3 r + 1 ( r + 1 ) ! − r + 1 3 r ( r ) !
Now enjoy telescoping :)