x = 1 + 2 1 + 3 + 4 1 + 5 + 6 1 + ⋯ + 9 9 + 1 0 0 1
What do we know about x in the equation above?
A: x = 5
B: x < 5
C: x > 5
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By the concavity of the x function (since ( x ) ′ ′ = − 4 x 2 3 1 < 0 for x ≥ 0 ) we have 2 k − 1 > 2 2 k + 2 k − 2 or 2 k − 2 k − 1 < 2 k − 1 − 2 k − 2 for all k ≥ 1 , so we can derive the following:
2 x = 2 k = 1 ∑ 5 0 2 k − 1 + 2 k 1 = 2 k = 1 ∑ 5 0 ( 2 k − 1 + 2 k ) ( 2 k − 2 k − 1 ) 2 k − 2 k − 1 = 2 k = 1 ∑ 5 0 2 k − ( 2 k − 1 ) 2 k − 2 k − 1 =
= 2 k = 1 ∑ 5 0 2 k − 2 k − 1 < k = 1 ∑ 5 0 2 k − 2 k − 1 + k = 1 ∑ 5 0 2 k − 1 − 2 k − 2 =
= k = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 k − k − 1 = 1 0 0 − 0 = 1 0
Hence x < 5 .
Just for the record, Wolfram-alpha gives the sum from n = 1 to n = 50 of (sqrt(2n) - sqrt(2n - 1)) is app. 4.632395109272. Ed Gray
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1 + 2 1 + 3 + 4 1 + 5 + 6 1 + ⋯ + 9 9 + 1 0 0 1 = A
( 0 + 1 1 + 1 + 2 1 ) + ( 2 + 3 1 + 3 + 4 1 ) + ⋯ + ( 9 8 + 9 9 1 + 9 9 + 1 0 0 1 ) = B
It is easy to see that
0 + 1 1 > 1 + 2 1 > ⋯ > 9 9 + 1 0 0 1
From these we get: B > 2 A .
By calculating we get:
B = 1 + ( 2 − 1 ) + ( 3 − 2 ) + ⋯ + ( 1 0 0 + 9 9 ) = 1 0
So A < 2 B = 5 .