Hats and walls
There are 4 people, each wearing either a black hat or a white hat. There are two black hats, and two white hats. Down below is a diagram of the situation. Which person will always know their hat colour? (There is no cheating, no turning around, or any ways of communication other than saying either black or white. Also, the diagram is only one scenario, so it doesn't mean that this is necessarily the way the hats are arranged.
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1 solution
The one in the middle would know because, for example, in the diagram above, he would know because if the person at the top didn't call anything out, then he must be the opposite colour of the person in front of him. If the person at the back saw two of the same colour, then he would call out. If he did, then the person in the middle would say the opposite colour of what the highest one says.