Consider a system of particles whose coordinates are , and whose velocities are .
Each pair of particles interacts through a potential which has no direct dependence on time. As the system evolves in time, which of the following bulk quantities must be conserved?
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For simplicity, consider the potential V ( r 1 , r 2 ) for two particles in 1 dimension.
Newton's second law state that the time derivative of momentum is given by minus the space derivative of the potential energy. Thus, the rate of change of each particle's momentum is given by
d t d p 1 d t d p 2 = − ∂ r 1 ∂ V = − ∂ r 2 ∂ V
The energy of the system is given by
E = 2 m p 1 2 + 2 m p 2 2 + V ( r 1 , r 2 )
The time derivative of the energy is thus given by
E ˙ = m − 1 ( p 1 p ˙ 1 + p 2 p ˙ 2 ) + ∂ t d V = − i ∈ { 1 , 2 } ∑ ∂ r i ∂ V ∂ t ∂ r i + ∂ t d V
However, since V has no explicit time dependence, we have
d t d V = ∑ ∂ r i ∂ V ∂ t ∂ r i
Thus, the rate of change in energy is given by
E ˙ = − i ∈ { 1 , 2 } ∑ ∂ r i ∂ V ∂ t ∂ r i + i ∈ { 1 , 2 } ∑ ∂ r i ∂ V ∂ t ∂ r i = 0
So, the rate of change of the total energy is equal to zero, and energy is conserved in the system.