Haven't got time for conservation

Consider a system of N N particles whose coordinates are r = { r i x , r i y , r i z } \mathbf{r} = \{r_i^x, r_i^y, r_i^z\} , and whose velocities are { r ˙ i } \{\dot{\mathbf{r}}_i\} .

Each pair of particles ( i , j ) \left(i, j\right) interacts through a potential V ( r i , r j ) V\left(\mathbf{r}_i, \mathbf{r}_j\right) which has no direct dependence on time. As the system evolves in time, which of the following bulk quantities must be conserved?

Total momentum Total energy Total angular momentum

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1 solution

Brilliant Physics Staff
Oct 27, 2015

For simplicity, consider the potential V ( r 1 , r 2 ) V(r_1,r_2) for two particles in 1 dimension.

Newton's second law state that the time derivative of momentum is given by minus the space derivative of the potential energy. Thus, the rate of change of each particle's momentum is given by

d p 1 d t = V r 1 d p 2 d t = V r 2 \begin{aligned} \frac{dp_1}{dt} &= -\frac{\partial V}{\partial r_1} \\ \frac{dp_2}{dt} &= -\frac{\partial V}{\partial r_2} \end{aligned}

The energy of the system is given by

E = p 1 2 2 m + p 2 2 2 m + V ( r 1 , r 2 ) E = \frac{p_1^2}{2m} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m} + V(r_1,r_2)

The time derivative of the energy is thus given by

E ˙ = m 1 ( p 1 p ˙ 1 + p 2 p ˙ 2 ) + d V t = i { 1 , 2 } V r i r i t + d V t \begin{aligned} \dot{E} &= m^{-1}\left(p_1\dot{p}_1 + p_2\dot{p}_2\right) + \frac{dV}{\partial t} \\ &= - \sum_{i\in \{1,2\}} \frac{\partial V}{\partial r_i}\frac{\partial r_i}{\partial t} + \frac{dV}{\partial t} \end{aligned}

However, since V V has no explicit time dependence, we have

d V d t = V r i r i t \frac{dV}{dt} = \sum \frac{\partial V}{\partial r_i}\frac{\partial r_i}{\partial t}

Thus, the rate of change in energy is given by

E ˙ = i { 1 , 2 } V r i r i t + i { 1 , 2 } V r i r i t = 0 \begin{aligned} \dot{E} &= -\sum_{i\in \{1,2\}} \frac{\partial V}{\partial r_i}\frac{\partial r_i}{\partial t} + \sum _{i\in \{1,2\}} \frac{\partial V}{\partial r_i}\frac{\partial r_i}{\partial t} \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}

So, the rate of change of the total energy is equal to zero, and energy is conserved in the system.

...and momentum and angular momentum are also conserved quantities. All three answers are correct.

Christopher Austin - 6 months, 2 weeks ago

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