A seconds pendulum clock has a steel wire. The clock is calibrated at 2 0 ∘ C . How much time does the clock lose in 1 week if the temperature is increased to 3 0 ∘ C ?
Note: Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is α = 1 . 2 × 1 0 − 5 ∘ C − 1 .
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The imbalanced force acting tangent to the pendulum's motion is given by:
m x ¨ = m g sin θ ⇒ d t 2 d 2 x = g sin θ
Since x = R θ , we use the small angle approximation:
⇒ R d t 2 d 2 θ = g sin θ ≈ g θ ⇒ d t 2 d 2 θ = R g θ ⇒ ω = T 2 π = R g ⇒ T = 2 π g R
So the period of the pendulum after the temperature has been increased will be:
T ′ = 2 π g R ′ = 2 π g R ( 1 + Δ Q α )
So for each full "oscillation" of the pendulum, we lose:
T ′ − T 0 = 2 π g R ( 1 + Δ Q α ) − 2 π g R
For a week, measured using "real time" the number of "ticks" of the pendulum will be n = T 0 T w e e k , thus, the amount of time lost is given by:
n Δ T = 2 π g R T w e e k ( 2 π g R ( 1 + Δ Q α ) − 2 π g R ) = T w e e k ( 1 + Δ Q α − 1 ) = ( 6 0 4 8 0 0 ) ( 1 + 1 . 2 × 1 0 − 4 − 1 ) = 3 6 . 2 8 s
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