Heating a pendulum!

A seconds pendulum clock has a steel wire. The clock is calibrated at 20 C 20 \ ^{\circ}\text{C} . How much time does the clock lose in 1 week if the temperature is increased to 30 C 30 \ ^{\circ}\text{C} ?

Note: Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is α = 1.2 × 1 0 5 C 1 \alpha = 1.2 \times 10^{-5} \ ^{\circ}\text{C} ^{ -1 } .


The answer is 36.28.

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2 solutions

Andrew Song
Sep 7, 2015

Jack Ceroni
Oct 21, 2019

The imbalanced force acting tangent to the pendulum's motion is given by:

m x ¨ = m g sin θ d 2 x d t 2 = g sin θ m\ddot{x} \ = \ mg \sin \theta \ \Rightarrow \ \frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} \ = \ g \sin \theta

Since x = R θ x \ = \ R\theta , we use the small angle approximation:

R d 2 θ d t 2 = g sin θ g θ d 2 θ d t 2 = g R θ ω = 2 π T = g R T = 2 π R g \Rightarrow \ R \frac{d^2 \theta}{dt^2} \ = \ g \sin \theta \ \approx \ g \theta \ \Rightarrow \ \frac{d^2 \theta}{dt^2} \ = \ \frac{g}{R} \ \theta \ \Rightarrow \ \omega \ = \ \frac{2\pi}{T} \ = \ \sqrt{\frac{g}{R}} \ \Rightarrow \ T \ = \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R}{g}}

So the period of the pendulum after the temperature has been increased will be:

T = 2 π R g = 2 π R ( 1 + Δ Q α ) g T' \ = \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R'}{g}} \ = \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R(1 \ + \ \Delta Q\alpha)}{g}}

So for each full "oscillation" of the pendulum, we lose:

T T 0 = 2 π R ( 1 + Δ Q α ) g 2 π R g T' \ - \ T_0 \ = \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R(1 \ + \ \Delta Q\alpha)}{g}} \ - \ \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R}{g}}

For a week, measured using "real time" the number of "ticks" of the pendulum will be n = T w e e k T 0 n \ = \ \frac{T_{week}}{T_0} , thus, the amount of time lost is given by:

n Δ T = T w e e k 2 π R g ( 2 π R ( 1 + Δ Q α ) g 2 π R g ) = T w e e k ( 1 + Δ Q α 1 ) = ( 604800 ) ( 1 + 1.2 × 1 0 4 1 ) = 36.28 s n\Delta T \ = \ \frac{T_{week}}{2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R}{g}}} \ \Big( 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R(1 \ + \ \Delta Q\alpha)}{g}} \ - \ \ 2\pi \ \sqrt{\frac{R}{g}} \Big) \ = \ T_{week} \ \Big( \sqrt{1 \ + \ \Delta Q\alpha} \ - \ 1\Big) \ = \ (604 800)(\sqrt{1 \ + \ 1.2 \ \times \ 10^{-4}} \ - \ 1) \ = \ 36.28 \ s

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