Hexagonal Tilings with Triangular Tiles

The diagram shows how identical equilateral triangles can be tiled to make a regular hexagon with no leftover tiles .

Which of the following numbers of triangles can also do this?

Regular hexagons can be made with 6 tiles, 24 tiles, and 54 tiles. Regular hexagons can be made with 6 tiles, 24 tiles, and 54 tiles.

540 600 660 720

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29 solutions

Zico Quintina
May 9, 2018

Relevant wiki: General Term Pattern Recognition

If you focus on one of the six equilateral triangles the hexagon splits into, as above, it's easy to see that the number of triangular tiles is given by 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + ( 2 n 1 ) = n 2 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + .... + (2n-1) = n^2 where n n is the number of colored "layers". Thus the number of triangles in the hexagon must be 6 n 2 6n^2 for some n N n \in \mathbb{N} , and the only answer that fits the bill is 6 ( 10 ) 2 = 600 6(10)^2 = \boxed{600}

Moderator note:

The question came up in the comments how we know the sum of odd numbers is a square number. Answering this question (from the introduction to our Algebra Through Puzzles course) should help:

Sum of odd numbers problem

Wow, this is a pretty nice way to figure out the general value

Agnishom Chattopadhyay - 3 years, 1 month ago

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It goes to 2n-1, not 2n-1 squared, otherwise, fine

Marianne Dahl - 3 years ago

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Thanks for spotting that, have made the correction.

zico quintina - 3 years ago

Clever way of thinking...

Harshal Pawar - 3 years ago

where did you get that (2n-1)? and how does it become n^2? newbie

Dzhoel Stark - 3 years ago

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Check the link I added to the moderator note in this solution.

Jason Dyer Staff - 3 years ago

I have no idea where I miscalculated to get 540 I just recalculated my function and got 600. Should have double checked before submitting

Brody Burkett - 3 years ago

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That is exactly what i did.

Quinn Gregoire - 3 years ago

I liked your idea its pretty cool

Bhavana Bunsha - 3 years ago

Sum of odd numbers is n^2 + 2n. Hence answer would be 720.

Sreema Seeram - 2 years, 11 months ago

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Actually, your formula is for the sum of the first n integers, not the sum of the first n odd integers.

zico quintina - 2 years, 11 months ago
Uros Stojkovic
May 28, 2018

Relevant wiki: Sum of n, n², or n³

If we denote E n E_{n} to be the number of equilateral triangles needed to form regular hexagon with side length n n (we take side of small equilateral as a unit of measure), we can write recurrence relation: E n = E n 1 + 6 ( 2 n 1 ) . E_{n} = E_{n-1} + 6\left ( 2n - 1 \right ). Now, since E 0 = 0 E_{0} = 0 , we have: E n = k = 1 n 6 ( 2 k 1 ) = 12 k = 1 n k 6 k = 1 n 1 = 12 n ( n + 1 ) 2 6 n = 6 n 2 \begin{aligned}E_{n} &= \sum_{k = 1}^{n}6(2k - 1) \\ &=12\sum_{k = 1}^{n}k - 6\sum_{k = 1}^{n}1 \\ &=12 \cdot \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} - 6n \\ &= 6n^{2}\end{aligned} The only number of this form given is 600 . \boxed{600}.

How did you get from line 3 to line 4?

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What lines exactly are you referring to?

Uros Stojkovic - 3 years ago

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On the equation there are 4 phases, each is called a line (I guess). Edit: I don't understand those things, so for the rest, lets hope for someone else to answer... :'D

Makel Grax - 3 years ago
Arjun Nr
May 28, 2018

Relevant wiki: Method of Differences

Working out the next in the sequence gives a total of 96 triangles used. The sequence of tiles required to form each hexagon is therefore as follows: 6, 24, 54, 96, ... If we work out the nth term for this quadratic sequence:

Sequence: 6, 24, 54, 96, ...

First difference: 18, 30, 42, ...

Second difference: 12, 12, ... ( 12 2 \frac{12}{2} = 6: the coefficient of n²)

(Since the second difference is constant, the sequence is quadratic.)

n²: 1, 4, 9, 25, ...

6n²: 6, 24, 54, 96, ... (the coefficient of n² is 6)

which is equal to the sequence so the nth term of the sequence is 6n². Since 600 is the only option divisible by 6 which gives a square number (600 / 6 =100 = 10²) (which is necessary for 6n² to be a whole number), then 600 must be the answer.

How did you 10 and why did you do 12/2?

Jellies Forever - 3 years ago

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In this method of finding the nth term of a quadratic sequence, you always divide the second difference (if it is constant and therefore a quadratic sequence) by 2. The reason why is because any quadratic is in the form: ax²+bx+c. let n be a value of x in the sequence so the nth term is an²+bn+c. The (n+1)th term = a(n+1)² + b(n+1)+c = a(n²+2n+1)+bn+b+c = an²+2an+a+bn+b+c. The first difference between these two terms is (an²+2an+a+bn+b+c)-(an²+bn+c) = 2an+a+b. The (n+2)th term = a(n+2)²+b(n+2)+c = a(n²+4n+4)+bn+2b+c = an²+4an+4a+bn+2b+c. The first difference between the (n+1)th term and the (n+2)th term is (an²+4an+4a+bn+2b+c)-(an²+2an+a+bn+b+c) = 2an+3a+b. The second difference is therefore: (2an+3a+b)-(2an+a+b) = 2a therefore the second difference is 2 X a (where a was the coefficient of x². In short the reason why you divide by 2 (and 12/2 was what I did above) is because the second difference between square numbers is always 2 (e.g. 4-1=3; 9-4=5; second difference: 5-3=2). Therefore, to cancel this out, we must divide by 2. I hope that makes sense and clears things up.

Arjun NR - 3 years ago
Vl Srinivas
Jun 3, 2018

Every Hexagon can be divided into 6 big triangles. Each triangle is the same and is further divided into a number of small triangles. This further division into small equilateral triangles follows a pattern of 1, 4, 9, 16 . . . So, we know, that the * total number of little triangles is a multiple of 6 and a perfect square. * All the answers are divisible by 6 but only 1 answer leaves a perfect square i.e. 100.

Godfrey Correa
May 29, 2018

It could be a Quadratic Function... Let S(n) be the number of equilateral triangle in a hexagon with n triangles for each side...

S(n)=an^2 + bn + c

6=a+b+c 24=4a+2b+c 54=9a+3b+c

Solve using systems: We will get a=6, b=0, and c=0

So: S(n)=6n^2

Let n=10 S(10)=6(10^2)=600

So 600

Michael Mendrin
May 9, 2018

600 is the only answer divisible by 6

Moderator note:

Just to note, for featuring this problem on Problem of the Week we have modified the multiple choice so this solution doesn't work any more.

Is that a sufficient condition?

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 1 month ago

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Zico has given a much more complete answer. The number has to be of the form 6 n 2 6n^2 .

Michael Mendrin - 3 years, 1 month ago

Thanks, now it's a much better problem.

Michael Mendrin - 3 years ago

No its not. It is still divisible from 720 720÷6=120.

Tristan Calilap - 3 years ago

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All the option choices are divisible by six. So the divisibility test won't work.

Anuj Shikarkhane - 3 years ago

now that's better!

Shawon Wanderer - 3 years ago

Um... they're all divisible by 6 guy...

Mr Amazing - 3 years ago
Jaswant Rathod
Jun 3, 2018

First its 6, then 18 triangles are added with total of 24, then 30 are added with a total of 54 and so on... 6.1 + 6.3 + 6.5 +.... We can see that this is a series, just keep on adding successive numbers until you get one of the four numbers!

Joseph Quarcoo
Jun 2, 2018

1st Hexagon = 6 Equilateral triangles = 6x 1 2 1^2 2nd Hexagon = 24 Equilateral triangles = 6x 2 2 2^2 3rd Hexagon = 54 Equilateral triangles = 6x 3 2 3^2

It can be conjectured that the number of hexagons = 6 n 2 n^2 . 600 is the only number given which is 6x(a square).

Dulal Singh
Jun 2, 2018

The sequence is as 6, 24 , 54 ...

Which can be broken down as 6, 6 + 6×3 , 6 +6×3 +6×5, .....

So for the the nth sequence that would up to requisite no. of triangle

N th = 6 + 6×3 +6×5 + ..... 6× n

     = 6( 1 +3 +5 ...+ n)


     =6{ (n/2)×(2×1 + (n-1)×2)}


     = 6n^2

And the only option that gives the perfect square on dividing by 6 is 600

Sergio España
Jun 1, 2018

Notice that the first phase has 6 1 triangles, the 2nd phase has 6 3 triangles, and added up together give us 6 4 triangles. And this is true because is easy to see that when we look up the following phase there is always 12 more triangles (6 2) this means that the number of triangles at the n th phase is 6(2n-1), because the phases are always growing in pairs (so we know that the next phase is just the previous one plus 6*2). But we are not supposed to calculate the number of triangles at one phase, we were asked for calculating the sum of the phases. Since the triangles of a phase n is defined by an odd number, and the sum of n phases must be defined by the sum of every single odd number from 1 to 2n-1. This can also be expressed as n². It's a very common example when teaching proof by induction (since it's true for n=1, we suppose that the statement is true for n=k, and then prove that it holds for n=k+1. If that's true, it will hold for all the positive integer values due to the fact, 2 is 1+1, and 3 is 2+1, etc.). So we can express the sum of n phases as 6n² and try to substitute the values purposed below. If it's a valid number, n will be an integer. The only number which matches is 600.

David Eraso
Jun 1, 2018

Tiles increase as follows: 6(1) 6(1+3) 6(1+3+5) In general six times an odd number summation. Since: 1+3+5+...+kth_odd = k^2 All options are divisible by 6, but only √100 gives an integer, only 600 can be a number of tiles.

Ira Whitacre
Jun 1, 2018

Count Triangles: N1=6 N2= 6+18=24 N3=6+18+30=54

All have common factor 6: N1=6•1 N2=6•4 N3=6•9

General Form: Ni=6•i^2 Or Ni/6=Ni^2

The only answer when divided by 6 that results in a perfect square is 600. 600/6=100=10^2; i=10.

Robert DeLisle
May 31, 2018

Since the question of the sum of consecutive odd integers being a perfect square was raised elsewhere .....

Jeremy Hodges
May 31, 2018

We start with a hexagon with an outer layer of 6 triangles. Adding 12 gives one with an outer layer of 18 triangles, then 30, etc. The total number of triangles in each hexagon is equal to its predecessor plus the number of triangles on the outer layer. This means our sums will be 6, (6 + 18), (6 + 18 + 30), etc. Eventually, such a pattern gives a total of 600, which is the correct answer.

Bruce Fulton
May 31, 2018

In an Excel spreadsheet, place the series of odd number 3, 5, 7... in column A starting at cell A2. Place the number 6 in cell B1. In cell B2, place the formula =B1+(A2*6). Drag this formula down column B for as may cells as you have filled in column A. This will compute the number of triangles required for successively larger hexagons.

Punith Kumar.s
May 31, 2018

2×3=6 4×6=24 6×9=54 ..... .. ..... 20×30=600 it follows the same pattern that's all I know

Kyle Bartley
May 30, 2018

Triangle must be made of perfect square amount of equilateral triangles. The first triangle has 1 the next has 4 then the next triangle has 9 and so on. You need 6 of those triangles to make a regular triangle. Dividing all of the solutions by 6 we see 600 / 6 = 100 which is the only perfect square and can therefore make a subtriangle.

Juliédson Artur
May 30, 2018

We can note that the number of triangles to make one side of the hexagon is a perfect square (c.f. table below).

Number of triangles Number of triangles by side
6 = 6 1 6 = 6\cdot 1 1 1
24 = 6 ( 1 + 3 ) 24 = 6\cdot (1+3) 4 4
54 = 6 ( 1 + 3 + 5 ) 54 = 6\cdot (1+3+5) 9 9

In general, if we have N N interactions so we have N 2 N^2 triangles by side. Then, with we have a number n n , just divide n n by 6 6 and if the result is a perfect square so we can make a regular hexagon. We can see that 600 / 6 = 100 600/6 = 100 and 100 100 is a perfect square soon we can build a regular hexagon.

Agata Pokorska
May 30, 2018

"Algorithm" in c++ for(int i = 1; i < 800; i+=2){ x+=i*6; cout<<x<<' '; }

Harish Karumuri
May 30, 2018

The number of tiles can be treated as a sequence: 6, 24, 54. When I divided each by it's greatest common factor, I got another amazing sequence: 1, 4, 9 - the first three integers squared. This makes the sequence: n = 1 6 n 2 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 6n^{2}

Puja Paul
May 30, 2018

Number of tiles, T=6+3.6+5.6+7.6+9.6+.............+(2n-1).6 =6[1+3+5+7+.........+(2n-1)]=6*S(suppose the series of n odd numbers=S) Now we need to calculate S= [1+3+5+7+.......+(2n-1)]

S=1+3+5+7+.....(2n-3)+(2n-1)...............(1) S=(2n-1)+(2n-3)+.....+3+1...............(2) By adding (1) and (2)- 2S=n.2n S=n^2 So we got number of tiles T=6*n^2 here we should get a natural number for n. From the options only 600 gives us a natural number for n. Because 600/6=100 is a square of 10. So we can get n=10. So the answer is 600.

Justin Teh
May 30, 2018

Using Progressions, we can solve the question.

Sequence of number of triangles in each layer: 6, 18, 30, ... Starting term, a = 6 Common difference, d = 18 - 6 = 12

To get the total number of triangles, we sum up the sequence of number of triangles in each layer using the formula Sn = n/2 (2a + (n - 1) d). Therefore, Sn = n/2 (2(6) + (n - 1) 12) = 6n^2

Then set 6n^2 equal to the options that are given. If n is an integer, that is the answer. 6n^2 = 600 n^2 = 100 n = 10

Georg Anatoly
May 29, 2018

6(n)^2 = number of triangles in reg hexagon; 1=6, 2=24,3=54 etc... 10=600

Barry Evans
May 29, 2018

6,24,54,96,150,216,294,384,486,600...

Toby Harris
May 29, 2018

If you take a look at the example you will notice that the number of triangles needed to make a regular hexagon of any size is 6 x n, where n is a square number. As shown in the example, 6 x 1 = 6, 6 x 4 = 24 and 6 x 9 = 54 (1, 4 and 9 are square numbers). The only option where 6 is multiplied by a square number is 600, which is 6 x 100.

Binary Binary
May 28, 2018

Just get the numbers from 1 to 10 squared and multiple them by the base 6.

The pattern is 6 × n squared To check the numbers you divide them by six and look if the square root results in an integer.

Michael Genius
May 28, 2018

The amount of tiles is 6 times a triangular number, i.e. a number of the form 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + ( 2 n 1 ) = n 2 1+3+5+ ... +(2n-1)=n^2 . Only 600 has this property: 600 = 6 1 0 2 600=6*10^2

Mark Adel
May 28, 2018

Sum of triangles is = 6 (1) + 6 (3) + 6 (5) ...........+ 6 (1+2(n-1))

So it is concluded that the sum of the triangles divided by 6 must be the sum of the following arithmetic sequence: 1,3,5,.......(2n-1)

Which is equivalent to (n/2)(2a+(n-1)d) where d=2 and a=1, so the sum is n^2 , in other words it must be a square number.

The only square number in the above options is 600/6=100

Himank Kansal
May 27, 2018

Every time the outer layer will consist of the number of triangles= 6 odd. So for first its 6 1, for second total triangles will be 6+6x3=24, for third it will be 24+6x5=54 and so on we can write the function as f(n)=f(n-1) + 6x(2xn-1) where f(0) =0.

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