Highly Irregular

Geometry Level 5

Each edge of a particular tetrahedron has a length of either 5 cm or 7 cm. The minimum possible volume, in cm 3 \text{cm}^3 , of such a tetrahedron can be written as a b c \frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c} , where a a , b b , and c c are positive integers, a a and c c are coprime, and b b is square-free. Give a + b + c a+b+c .


Image Credit: Wikimedia Aldoaldoz .


The answer is 63.

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2 solutions

Michael Mendrin
Jan 5, 2016

If we had a square of side 5 5 , the diagonal would be 7.07107.. 7.07107.. . By making this diagonal exactly 7 7 , we form a rhombus, which we can crease along the shorter diagonal. Putting two such rhombuses together makes for a nearly flat tetrahedron. A little effort gets us the volume

49 2 12 \dfrac {49 \sqrt{2}}{12}

as compared with the volume of a regular tetrahedron of edge 5 5

125 2 12 \dfrac {125 \sqrt{2}}{12}

Edit: Here's the work to get us the volume

5 2 2 ( 7 2 ) 2 0 1 7 h ( 7 7 h ) d h = 49 2 12 \sqrt { { 5 }^{ 2 }-2{ \left( \dfrac { 7 }{ 2 } \right) }^{ 2 } }\displaystyle \int _{ 0 }^{ 1 }{ 7h\left( 7-7h \right) } dh=\dfrac { 49\sqrt { 2 } }{ 12 }

where the limits of the integration is based on using altitude h h as a parameter arbitrarily from 0 0 to 1 1 , the area being a rectangle varying from 0 × 7 0 \times 7 to 7 2 × 7 2 \frac {7}{2} \times \frac {7}{2} to 7 × 0 7 \times 0 , while the coefficient is the ratio of the actual distance between the edges of length 7 7 to the parameter of arbitrary length 1 1 , thus scaling the volume.

Edit 2: Here's a graphic of this squeezed tetrahedron. The top and bottom of this are the long edges of length 7 7 , all the rest having length 5 5 . The distance between the long edges is 1 2 \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} , so this tetrahedron is nearly flat. You can see how two folded rhombuses can be put together to form this tetrahedron.

Note: Finding the volume of this particular tetrahedron is easy because of its symmetry. But, in the general case, given the six arbitrary edge lengths of a tetrahedron, a , b , c , d , e , f a, b, c, d, e, f , finding the volume is usually a gargantuan task. I suspect that Enlow did not go that way.

I can not imagine such a tetrahedron! A perspective drawing would not be bad. This could also help to explain the integration formula. ;-)

Andreas Wendler - 5 years, 5 months ago

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Matt Enlow - 5 years, 5 months ago

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Oh, nice, a moving perspective sure helps.

Michael Mendrin - 5 years, 5 months ago

Thank you!

Andreas Wendler - 5 years, 5 months ago

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mahla salarmohammadi - 4 years, 7 months ago
Maria Kozlowska
Jan 8, 2016

One way to find the volume is using analytical geometry with base triangle on XY plane, z coordinate of the fourth vertex being the height. There is also a formula for the volume of tetrahedron.

V = 1 3 ! 1 2 3 d e t ( a i j 2 , 1 1 , 0 ) V=\frac{1}{3!}\sqrt{\frac{1}{2^3} det {a_{ij}^2, 1 \choose 1, 0}}

a i j a_{ij} denotes an edge connecting vertex A i A_{i} and A j A_{j} and

d e t ( a i j 2 , 1 1 , 0 ) = d e t ( 0 a 1 , 2 2 a 1 , 3 2 a 1 , 4 2 1 a 1 , 2 2 0 a 2 , 3 2 a 2 , 4 2 1 a 1 , 3 2 a 2 , 3 2 0 a 3 , 4 2 1 a 1 , 4 2 a 2 , 4 2 a 3 , 4 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ) det {a_{ij}^2, 1 \choose 1, 0} = det \begin{pmatrix} 0 & a_{1,2}^2 & a_{1,3}^2 & a_{1,4}^2 & 1 \\ a_{1,2}^2 & 0 & a_{2,3}^2 & a_{2,4}^2 & 1 \\ a_{1,3}^2 & a_{2,3}^2 & 0 & a_{3,4}^2 & 1 \\ a_{1,4}^2 & a_{2,4}^2 & a_{3,4}^2 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}

In our case there are 11 possible configurations:

No of Length 7 Edges | No of Configurations | Volumes

               0          1                               14.73 

               1          1                               14.87 

               2          2                               18.04 5.77    

               3          3                               23.01 20.82   18.26

               4          2                               25.25 25.17   

               5          1                               32.22 

               6          1                               40.42

The configuration with 2 long edges opposite each other without common vertex gives lowest determinant:

d e t ( 0 5 2 5 2 7 2 1 5 2 0 7 2 5 2 1 5 2 7 2 0 5 2 1 7 2 5 2 5 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ) = 9604 det \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 5^2 & 5^2 & 7^2 & 1 \\ 5^2 & 0 & 7^2 & 5^2 & 1 \\ 5^2 & 7^2 & 0 & 5^2 & 1 \\ 7^2 & 5^2 & 5^2 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = 9604

resulting with volume value of 49 2 12 5.77 \frac{49 \sqrt{2}}{12} \approx 5.77 .

Thanks for proving what I had only guessed at. Now I need to figure out how that works.

Michael Mendrin - 5 years, 5 months ago

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