Prime Suspects of Perfect Squares

Find the sum of all primes p p such that 2 p 1 1 p \frac{2^{p-1}-1}{p} is a perfect square.


The answer is 10.

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1 solution

Kalpok Guha
Mar 12, 2016

First we notice that for p = 2 p=2 the expression 2 p 1 1 2^{p-1}-1 is not a square.Hence we conclude that p p is odd prime.

According to Fermat's Little Theorem p p divides 2 p 1 1 2^{p-1}-1 .

For any integer a a , 2 p 1 1 = p a 2 2^{p-1}-1=pa^2

As p p is a odd prime ,we can say ( 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 + 1 ) c = p a 2 (2^{(p-1)/2}+1)c=pa^2

As both the factors of p a 2 pa^2 are consecutive odd integer p p divides anyone of them.

Thus case 1 ( 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 + 1 ) = x 2 (2^{(p-1)/2}+1)=x^2 & 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 1 ) = p y 2 2^{(p-1)/2}-1)=py^2

As ( 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 + 1 ) = x 2 (2^{(p-1)/2}+1)=x^2 we can conclude ( 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 = ( x + 1 ) ( x 1 ) (2^{(p-1)/2}=(x+1)(x-1)

the only solution from this is p = 7 p=7 & x = 3 x=3

case 2 ( 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 + 1 ) = p y 2 (2^{(p-1)/2}+1)=py^2 & 2 ( p 1 ) / 2 1 ) = x 2 2^{(p-1)/2}-1)=x^2

If p > 3 p>3 x 2 x^2 leaves a remainder of 3 3 when divided by 4 4 .Hence we get that the only value is p = 3 p=3

So the sum of the values of p p is 7 + 3 = 10 7+3=\boxed{10}

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