How many Recursion Sequences?

Algebra Level 4

How many terms of the sequence defined as a 1 = 1 a_1 = 1 and a n + 1 = 2 a n + 3 a n 2 2 a_{ n+1 } = 2{ a }_{ n } + \sqrt { 3{ a }_{ n }^{ 2 } - 2 } for n 1 n \ge 1 are non-integers?


The answer is 0.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Apr 24, 2018

Consider the sequence defined by the recurrence relation \ b n + 2 = 4 b n + 1 b n b 0 = b 1 = 1 b_{n+2} \;= \; 4b_{n+1} - b_n \hspace{2cm} b_0 = b_1 = 1 It is clear that b n b_n is an integer for all n 0 n \ge 0 . It is easy to solve this recurrence relation to see that b n = 1 2 3 [ ( 3 1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) n + ( 3 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) n ] n 0 b_n \; = \; \frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\Big[(\sqrt{3}-1)(2+\sqrt{3})^n + (\sqrt{3}+1)(2-\sqrt{3})^n\Big] \hspace{2cm} n \ge 0 From this we note that 3 b n 2 2 = 1 4 [ ( 3 1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) n ( 3 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) n ] 2 n 0 3b_n^2 - 2 \; = \; \tfrac14\Big[(\sqrt{3}-1)(2+\sqrt{3})^n - (\sqrt{3}+1)(2-\sqrt{3})^n\Big]^2 \hspace{2cm} n \ge 0 Now ( 3 1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) n ( 3 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) n = 2 ( 2 + 3 ) 2 n ( 3 + 1 ) 2 2 ( 1 + 3 ) 2 n 2 > 1 n 1 \frac{(\sqrt{3}-1)(2+\sqrt{3})^n}{(\sqrt{3}+1)(2-\sqrt{3})^n} \; = \; \frac{2(2+\sqrt{3})^{2n}}{(\sqrt{3}+1)^2} \; \ge \; 2(1 + \sqrt{3})^{2n-2} \; > \; 1 \hspace{2cm} n \ge 1 and hence 3 b n 2 2 = 1 2 [ ( 3 1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) n ( 3 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) n ] n 1 \sqrt{3b_n^2 - 2} \; =\; \tfrac12\Big[(\sqrt{3}-1)(2+\sqrt{3})^n - (\sqrt{3}+1)(2-\sqrt{3})^n\Big] \hspace{2cm} n\ge 1 and hence 2 b n + 3 b n 2 2 = 1 2 3 [ ( 3 1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) n + 1 ( 3 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) n + 1 ] = b n + 1 n 1 2b_n + \sqrt{3b_n^2 - 2} \; = \; \frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\Big[(\sqrt{3}-1)(2+\sqrt{3})^{n+1} - (\sqrt{3}+1)(2-\sqrt{3})^{n+1}\Big] \; = \; b_{n+1} \hspace{2cm} n \ge 1 Thus we can show by induction that a n = b n a_n = b_n for all n 1 n \ge 1 , and hence all the terms a n a_n are integers. Thus the answer is 0 \boxed{0} .

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