An individual has written 7 letters to each of 7 different friends and addressed the 7 corresponding envelopes. How many different ways are there to place every letter into a wrong envelope?
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Let S n is the total cases for total n letters in n envelopes, and F n is the cases for all of them in wrong envelope.
Obviously S n = n ! , and F 1 = 0 and F n will be total cases minus exact 1~n letters in correct envelope respectively but all others are in wrong (the case for all letters in correct envelope always is 1). i.e. F n = S n − i = 1 ∑ n − 1 ( ( n i ) ⋅ F n − i ) − 1