How to evaluate these?! Part 2

Calculus Level 5

Let g ( a ) g\left(a\right) be a function which satisfies

g ( a ) 0 x e x x 2 + a 2 d x = 0 cos x x + a d x g\left(a\right)\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{xe^{-x}}{x^{2}+a^{2}}dx\ =\ \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\cos x}{x+a}dx

for all real positive a a . Find the value of

g ( π + e ) g ( π e ) g\left(\pi+e\right)g\left(\pi-e\right)


The answer is 1.0000.

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1 solution

Vilakshan Gupta
May 2, 2020

Let I ( a , k ) = 0 cos x x + a e k ( x + a ) d x I(a,k)=\int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{\cos x}{x+a} ~ e^{-k(x+a)} \text{d}x

Now partially differentiating the above integral with respect to k k , we get I k = 0 cos x e k ( x + a ) d x = e k a 0 cos x e k x d x \dfrac{ \partial I}{\partial k}=- \int_{0}^{\infty} \cos x ~ e^{-k(x+a)} \text{d}x=-e^{-ka} \int_{0}^{\infty} \cos x ~ e^{-kx} \text{d}x

Evaluating the above integral is easy by Integration by parts, which comes out to be e k a 0 cos x e k x d x = k e a k 1 + k 2 -e^{-ka} \int_{0}^{\infty} \cos x ~ e^{-kx} \text{d}x=- \dfrac{k ~ e^{-ak}}{1+k^2}

And now, since I ( a , k ) 0 I(a,k) \to 0 as k k \to \infty , we deduce that 0 cos x x + a d x = lim k 0 I ( a , k ) = 0 k e k a k 2 + 1 d k = 0 u e u u 2 + a 2 d u \int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{\cos x}{x+a}\text{d}x= \lim_{k \to 0} I(a,k) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{k ~ e^{-ka}}{k^2+1} \text{d}k = \int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{u ~ e^{-u}}{u^2+a^2} \text{d}u

which implies g ( a ) = 1 g(a)=1 for a > 0 a > 0 .

Hence g ( π + e ) g ( π e ) = 1 g(\pi+e)g(\pi-e)=\boxed{1} .

What substitution did you make on the very last step? I'm having some trouble seeing that.

Samanthak Thiagarajan - 1 year, 1 month ago

Wait sorry I see it now.

Samanthak Thiagarajan - 1 year, 1 month ago

Brilliant solution to this amazing problem.

Aditya Murti - 8 months, 3 weeks ago

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