∫ 0 π / 4 sin ( x ) cos ( 3 x ) sin ( 5 x ) cos ( 7 x ) sin ( 9 x ) cos ( 1 1 x ) d x
If the integral above is equal to b a , where a and b are coprime positive integers, find the value of a + b .
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I did the product to sum formula repeatedly.
Split the sines and cosines separately: use Product to Sum Trigonometric Formulas repeatedly. Then I have 16 linearized trigo functions to integrate. Tedious as well, but it's certainly shorter.
Another slightly shorter approach is to note that 1 + 1 1 = 3 + 9 = 5 + 7 . Then use the product to sum formula by grouping them as such, then apply the substitution y = 2 x so that after every terms are powers of a single trigo function, you can apply the reduction formula: ∫ 0 π 2 sin 2 n θ d θ = ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n θ d θ = ( 2 n ) ! ! ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! × 2 π .
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Note: I am not convinced that this is the simplest solution possible, but it was the only one I could think of up until the posting of this solution.
Let I be ∫ sin ( x ) cos ( 3 x ) sin ( 5 x ) cos ( 7 x ) sin ( 9 x ) cos ( 1 1 x ) d x
By the product-to-sum formulae,
sin x cos 3 x = 2 1 ( sin 4 x − sin 2 x ) ,
sin 5 x cos 7 x = 2 1 ( sin 1 2 x − sin 2 x ) , and
sin 9 x cos 1 1 x = 2 1 ( sin 2 0 x − sin 2 x ) .
We therefore have:
I = 8 1 ∫ ( sin 4 x − sin 2 x ) ⋅ ( sin 1 2 x − sin 2 x ) ⋅ ( sin 2 0 x − sin 2 x ) d x
= 8 1 ∫ ( sin 4 x ⋅ sin 1 2 x − sin 4 x ⋅ sin 2 x − sin 2 x ⋅ sin 1 2 x + sin 2 2 x ) ⋅ ( sin 2 0 x − sin 2 x ) d x
Again by product-to-sum formulae, and after simplification,
I = 1 6 1 ∫ ( − c ( 1 6 x ) + c ( 8 x ) + c ( 6 x ) − c ( 2 x ) + c ( 1 4 x ) − c ( 1 0 x ) − c ( 4 x ) + 1 ) ⋅ ( s ( 2 0 x ) − s ( 2 x ) ) d x
where c ( f ( x ) ) indicates the cosine of f ( x ) and s ( f ( x ) ) indicates the sine of f ( x ) .
After expanding, and simplifying using yet again the product-to-sum formulae, we finally arrive at
I = 1 6 1 ∫ ( − 2 3 s ( 2 x ) + 2 1 s ( 4 x ) + 2 3 s ( 6 x ) − s ( 8 x ) − s ( 1 0 x ) + 2 3 s ( 1 2 x ) + s ( 1 6 x ) + s ( 2 0 x ) − 2 1 s ( 2 2 x ) . . .
. . . − 2 1 s ( 2 4 x ) + 2 1 s ( 2 6 x ) + 2 1 s ( 2 8 x ) − 2 1 s ( 3 0 x ) + 2 1 s ( 3 4 x ) − 2 1 s ( 3 6 x ) ) d x
which integrates to give us
6 4 3 cos ( 2 x ) − 1 2 8 cos ( 4 x ) − 6 4 cos ( 6 x ) + 1 2 8 cos ( 8 x ) + 1 6 0 cos ( 1 0 x ) − 1 2 8 cos ( 1 2 x ) + 2 5 6 cos ( 1 6 x ) − 3 2 0 cos ( 2 0 x ) + 7 0 4 cos ( 2 2 x ) + 7 6 8 cos ( 2 4 x ) . . .
. . . − 8 3 2 cos ( 2 6 x ) − 8 9 6 cos ( 2 8 x ) + 9 6 0 cos ( 3 0 x ) − 1 0 8 8 cos ( 3 4 x ) + 1 1 5 2 cos ( 3 6 x ) + C
Finally, substituting our upper limit 4 π and lower limit 0 into the integral, we get 2 4 5 0 4 4 8 0 3 7 9 7 which cannot be further simplified.
Therefore, a + b = 3 7 9 7 + 2 4 5 0 4 4 8 0 = 2 4 5 0 8 2 7 7