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Calculus Level 5

0 1 0 1 ln 2 ( x y ) 1 x y d x d y \large \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} \dfrac{\ln^{2} (xy)}{1-xy} \, dx \, dy

If the above integral can be expressed in the form a π b c \dfrac{a \pi^{b}}{c} , where a a and c c are positive coprime integers, find a + b + c a + b + c .


The answer is 20.

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2 solutions

Otto Bretscher
Apr 29, 2016

This is a special case of formula 12 here ; the proof of a much more general result can be found here , formulas 30 and 31 . For s = 2 s=2 it's Γ ( 4 ) ζ ( 4 ) = 3 ! × π 4 90 = π 4 15 \Gamma(4)\zeta(4)=3!\times \frac{\pi^4}{90}=\frac{\pi^4}{15} , so that the answer is 20 \boxed{20}

[ Request for proof ]

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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May I refer you to a delightful paper ? The relevant formulas are 30 and 31.

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 1 month ago

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Thanks for the paper! Very informative.

Hobart Pao - 5 years, 1 month ago

First Let us make the substitution x y = t xy =t

Then the integral becomes:-

0 1 0 y ln 2 ( t ) y ( 1 t ) d t d y \Large \int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{y}\frac{\ln^{2}(t)}{y(1-t)} dt dy

Now changing the order of integration we have:-

0 1 t 1 ln 2 ( t ) y ( 1 t ) d y d t \Large \int_{0}^{1}\int_{t}^{1}\frac{\ln^{2}(t)}{y(1-t)} dy dt

We have :-

0 1 ln 3 ( t ) ( 1 t ) d t \Large -\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln^{3}(t)}{(1-t)}dt

We would now use the infinite geometric sum formula

1 1 x = r = 0 x r \displaystyle \frac{1}{1-x} = \sum_{r=0}^{\infty} x^{r}

So we have our integral as :-

r = 0 0 1 ln 3 ( t ) t r d t \Large -\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{1}\ln^{3}(t)t^{r} dt

Now using the substitution t = e z t=e^{-z} we have:-

r = 0 0 z 3 e ( r + 1 ) z d z \Large \sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{\infty}z^{3}e^{-(r+1)z} dz

Now again substituting ( r + 1 ) z = x (r+1)z = x we have:-

r = 0 0 x 3 e x ( r + 1 ) 4 d x \Large \sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{x^{3}e^{-x}}{(r+1)^{4}} dx

= r = 0 Γ ( 4 ) ( r + 1 ) 4 = Γ ( 4 ) ζ ( 4 ) = π 4 15 \Large =\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma(4)}{(r+1)^{4}}=\Gamma(4)\zeta(4) = \frac{\pi^{4}}{15}

Here Γ ( . ) \Gamma(.) denotes the Gamma Function and ζ ( s ) \zeta(s) denotes the Riemann Zeta Function

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