For which real numbers is there a straight line that intersects the curve at four distinct points?
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If f ( x ) − ℓ ( x ) has four zeroes, where ℓ ( x ) is linear and f ( x ) = x 4 + 9 x 3 + c x 2 + 9 x + 4 , then the second derivative has at least two zeroes (by two applications of Rolle's theorem ). But the second derivative is just f ′ ′ ( x ) = 1 2 x 2 + 5 4 x + 2 c . This has two zeroes if and only if the discriminant 5 4 2 − 9 6 c is positive, which happens if and only if c < 2 4 3 / 8 .
Conversely, suppose c < 2 4 3 / 8 . Then f ′ ′ ( x ) = 1 2 x 2 + 5 4 x + 2 c has two zeroes, say m and n with m < n . Then f ′ ′ ( x ) is negative between m and n , so f ′ ( x ) is decreasing on [ m , n ] . So we can find an a such that f ′ ( m ) − a is positive but f ′ ( n ) − a is negative. This implies that f ′ ( x ) − a has three zeroes: it goes to − ∞ on the left and + ∞ on the right, but in between it is positive at m but negative at n . So (by the Intermediate Value Theorem ) there is one zero in ( − ∞ , m ) , one in ( m , n ) , and one in ( n , + ∞ ) .
Now since f ′ ( x ) − a has three zeroes, let's say c 1 < c 2 < c 3 , and its antiderivative f ( x ) − a x is a monic quartic, the shape of the graph of f ( x ) − a x looks like a (smoothed) W; that is, f ( c 1 ) − a c 1 and f ( c 3 ) − a c 3 are both less than f ( c 2 ) − a c 2 . Let b be a number less than f ( c 2 ) − a c 2 but greater than f ( c 1 ) − a c 1 and f ( c 3 ) − a c 3 . Then f ( x ) − a x − b goes to + ∞ on the left, is negative at c 1 , positive at c 2 , negative at c 3 , and goes to + ∞ on the right. This implies (again by the IVT) that f ( x ) − a x − b has four zeroes, as desired.