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Algebra Level 4

For which real numbers c c is there a straight line that intersects the curve y = x 4 + 9 x 3 + c x 2 + 9 x + 4 y=x^4+9x^3+cx^2+9x+4 at four distinct points?

c > 243 8 c > \frac{243}8 c < 243 8 c < \frac{243}8 c 243 8 c \geq \frac{243}8 c 243 8 c \leq \frac{243}8

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1 solution

Patrick Corn
Mar 21, 2018

If f ( x ) ( x ) f(x)-\ell(x) has four zeroes, where ( x ) \ell(x) is linear and f ( x ) = x 4 + 9 x 3 + c x 2 + 9 x + 4 , f(x) = x^4+9x^3+cx^2+9x+4, then the second derivative has at least two zeroes (by two applications of Rolle's theorem ). But the second derivative is just f ( x ) = 12 x 2 + 54 x + 2 c . f''(x) = 12x^2+54x+2c. This has two zeroes if and only if the discriminant 5 4 2 96 c 54^2-96c is positive, which happens if and only if c < 243 / 8. c < 243/8.

Conversely, suppose c < 243 / 8. c < 243/8. Then f ( x ) = 12 x 2 + 54 x + 2 c f''(x) = 12x^2+54x+2c has two zeroes, say m m and n n with m < n . m < n. Then f ( x ) f''(x) is negative between m m and n , n, so f ( x ) f'(x) is decreasing on [ m , n ] . [m,n]. So we can find an a a such that f ( m ) a f'(m) - a is positive but f ( n ) a f'(n)-a is negative. This implies that f ( x ) a f'(x)-a has three zeroes: it goes to -\infty on the left and + +\infty on the right, but in between it is positive at m m but negative at n . n. So (by the Intermediate Value Theorem ) there is one zero in ( , m ) , (-\infty,m), one in ( m , n ) , (m,n), and one in ( n , + ) . (n,+\infty).

Now since f ( x ) a f'(x)-a has three zeroes, let's say c 1 < c 2 < c 3 , c_1 < c_2 < c_3, and its antiderivative f ( x ) a x f(x)-ax is a monic quartic, the shape of the graph of f ( x ) a x f(x)-ax looks like a (smoothed) W; that is, f ( c 1 ) a c 1 f(c_1)-ac_1 and f ( c 3 ) a c 3 f(c_3)-ac_3 are both less than f ( c 2 ) a c 2 . f(c_2)-ac_2. Let b b be a number less than f ( c 2 ) a c 2 f(c_2)-ac_2 but greater than f ( c 1 ) a c 1 f(c_1)-ac_1 and f ( c 3 ) a c 3 . f(c_3)-ac_3. Then f ( x ) a x b f(x)-ax-b goes to + +\infty on the left, is negative at c 1 , c_1, positive at c 2 , c_2, negative at c 3 , c_3, and goes to + +\infty on the right. This implies (again by the IVT) that f ( x ) a x b f(x)-ax-b has four zeroes, as desired.

@Patrick Corn Did it the same way as you explained in the first para!!

Aaghaz Mahajan - 3 years, 2 months ago

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