Induction stove

The cooktop of an induction stove generates an alternating magnetic field H \vec H that induces an electrical current density of j \vec j inside a metallic cooking pot. Due to the ohmic resistance of the cooking pot, heat is generated, which makes the water boil. The physics is described by Lenz's law A B t d A = A E d l - \int_A \frac{\partial \vec B}{\partial t} \cdot d\vec A = \oint_{\partial A} \vec E \cdot d \vec l and Ohm's law j = σ E , \vec j = \sigma \vec E, where B = μ r μ 0 H \vec B = \mu_r \mu_0 \vec H is the magnetic flux density, E \vec E is the electric field, and σ \sigma the conductivity of the metal.

How much real power (in units of kilowatts) is converted into heat?


Details and Assumptions:

  • Induction currents flow only on the bottom of the cooking pot, which has thickness w = 5 mm w = 5\,\text{mm} and radius R = 10 cm . R = 10\,\text{cm}.

  • The cooking pot consists of a steel alloy with conductivity σ = 1 0 7 S / m \sigma = 10^7 \,\mathrm{S/m} and relative magnetic permeability μ r = 100 \mu_r = 100 .

  • The cooking field produces homogeneous magnetic field H = H 0 cos ( ω t ) e z , \vec H = H_0 \cos(\omega t) \vec e_z, where μ 0 H 0 = 10 μ T \mu_0 H_0 = 10 \,\mathrm{\mu T} is an amplitude and ω = 2 π 10 kHz \omega = 2 \pi \cdot 10 \,\text{kHz} is a frequency.
  • In polar coordinates, current density and electric field depend only on the radial distance r r : j = j ( r ) sin ( ω t ) e ϕ E = E ( r ) sin ( ω t ) e ϕ . \begin{aligned} \vec j &= j(r) \sin(\omega t) \vec e_\phi \\ \vec E &= E(r) \sin(\omega t) \vec e_\phi. \end{aligned}
  • The self-inductance of the cooking pot is neglected. The induced magnetic field by the induction current j \vec j is therefore not considered.

Bonus question: Why does the induction cooker not work with an alumininum or copper cooker?


The answer is 3.876.

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1 solution

If a circle with radius r r is selected as the integration area A A for Lenz's law, the integrals can be simplified Φ t = B t d A = B t A = ω π r 2 B 0 sin ( ω t ) = E d l = E l = 2 π r E ( r ) sin ( ω t ) E ( r ) = 1 2 B 0 ω r \begin{aligned} -\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} &= - \int \frac{\partial \vec B}{\partial t} \cdot d\vec A = -\frac{\partial B}{\partial t} \cdot A = \omega \pi r^2 B_0 \sin(\omega t) \\ &= \oint \vec E \cdot d \vec l = E \cdot l = 2 \pi r E(r) \sin(\omega t) \\ \Rightarrow \quad E(r) &= \frac{1}{2} B_0 \omega r \end{aligned} with the magnetic field amplitude B 0 = μ r μ 0 H 0 B_0 = \mu_r \mu_0 H_0 inside the metal.

A volume element d V = w r d ϕ d r dV = w \cdot r d\phi \cdot dr of the disk has a voltage drop d U dU and a current flow d I dI and with d U = E r d ϕ d I = j w d r d P = d U d I = σ E 2 w r d r d ϕ \begin{aligned} dU &= E r d\phi \\ dI &= j w dr \\ \Rightarrow \quad dP &= dU dI = \sigma E^2 w r dr d\phi \end{aligned} Integration over the whole bottom plate yields the total power P = 1 4 ω 2 σ B 0 2 sin 2 ( ω t ) w 0 R r 3 d r 0 2 π d π = 1 8 π ω 2 σ B 0 2 sin 2 ( ω t ) w R 4 P = 1 8 π ω 2 σ B 0 2 w R 4 \begin{aligned} P &= \frac{1}{4} \omega^2 \sigma B_0^2 \sin^2(\omega t) w \int_0^R r^3 dr \int_0^{2\pi} d\pi \\ &= \frac{1}{8} \pi \omega^2 \sigma B_0^2 \sin^2(\omega t) w R^4 \\ \Rightarrow \quad \langle P \rangle &= \frac{1}{8} \pi \omega^2 \sigma B_0^2 w R^4 \end{aligned} with the time average over one period sin 2 ( ω t ) = 1 T 0 T sin 2 ( ω t ) d t = 1 T 0 T cos 2 ( ω t ) d t = 1 2 T 0 T ( sin 2 ( ω t ) + cos 2 ( ω t ) ) d t = 1 2 T 0 T d t = 1 2 \begin{aligned} \langle \sin^2(\omega t) \rangle &= \frac{1}{T} \int_0^T \sin^2(\omega t) dt = \frac{1}{T} \int_0^T \cos^2(\omega t) dt \\ &= \frac{1}{2T} \int_0^T (\sin^2(\omega t) + \cos^2(\omega t)) dt = \frac{1}{2 T} \int_0^T dt = \frac{1}{2} \end{aligned} Numerical evaluation results P = 3.876 kW \langle P \rangle = 3.876 \,\text{kW}

Nice one. I've been having quite a bit of fun with your problems lately.

Steven Chase - 3 years, 8 months ago

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