Infinite Factorial Summation with Sum of Squares

Calculus Level 4

1 2 ! + 1 2 + 2 2 3 ! + 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 4 ! + \large \dfrac{1}{2!} + \dfrac{1^2 + 2^2}{3!} + \dfrac{1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2}{4!} + \ldots

If the above series can be expressed as S S , then find the value of 100 S \big \lfloor 100S \rfloor .

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The answer is 226.

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1 solution

Kyle Coughlin
Jun 23, 2015

The sum of the first n squares can be written as n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} so the sum can be written as n = 1 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 ( n + 1 ) ! \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6(n+1)!} The (n+1) and n terms cancel with the factorial and leave behind n = 1 2 n + 1 6 ( n 1 ) ! \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{2n+1}{6(n-1)!}

We make a substitution here for k = n-1, making the sum k = 0 2 k + 3 6 k ! \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{2k+3}{6k!} and split up into two separate sums, k = 0 2 k 6 k ! \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{2k}{6k!} and k = 0 3 6 k ! \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{3}{6k!} . It is known that k = 0 1 k ! \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{1}{k!} is equal to e , so the second sum k = 0 ( 3 ) 6 k ! \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(3)}{6k!} equates to e 2 . \frac{e}{2}.

The first sum is equivalent to 0 + k = 1 k 3 k ! = k = 1 1 3 ( k 1 ) ! 0 +\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{k}{3k!} = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{3(k-1)!} or e 3 \frac{e}{3}

Thus our answer is S = e 3 + e 2 = 5 e 6 S = \frac{e}{3} + \frac{e}{2} = \frac{5e}{6} , so 100 S = 226 \lfloor100S\rfloor = 226

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