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Define the function f ( x ) = x 1 0 4 and consider the trapezoidal sum of f ( x ) between a = 1 0 4 and b = 1 0 6 with step size 1. Since the graph of f ( x ) is convex, this sum will exceed the integral: S − 2 f ( 1 0 4 ) − 2 f ( 1 0 6 ) = S − 5 0 − 5 > 1 0 4 ∫ 1 0 4 1 0 6 x − 1 / 2 d x = 1 . 8 × 1 0 7 so S > 1 8 0 0 0 0 5 5 .
The maximum of f ′ ′ ( x ) on [ a , b ] is M = 7 . 5 × 1 0 − 7 , so that the error is < 1 2 ( b − a ) M < 1 0 1 . Thus the floor of S is 1 8 0 0 0 0 5 5 ... an estimate with remarkable accuracy.