Inspired by Gavin Lo

9 9 9 \Large 9 ^ { 9 ^ 9 }

What are the last 2 digits of the above number?


Inspiration .

09 01 81 89

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4 solutions

Otto Bretscher
May 27, 2015

Since λ ( 100 ) = 20 \lambda(100)=20 and λ ( 20 ) = 4 \lambda(20)=4 , where λ ( n ) \lambda(n) is the Carmichael Lambda, we can reduce the top exponent modulo 4, so that 9 9 9 9 9 1 = 9 9 ( m o d 100 ) 9^{9^9}\equiv{9^{9^1}}=9^9\pmod{100} .

Now 9 × 9 9 = 9 10 = 3 20 = 3 λ ( 100 ) 1 ( m o d 100 ) 9\times{9^9}=9^{10}=3^{20}=3^{\lambda(100)}\equiv{1}\pmod{100} . Multiplying both sides with 11 -11 (the multiplicative inverse of 9 9 ), we find 9 9 11 89 ( m o d 100 ) . 9^9\equiv{-11}\equiv\boxed{89}\pmod{100}.

Nah, I just kinda randomly picked 89 and turns out it was correct :)

Kevin Gequinto - 6 years ago

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+1 for making me laugh.

Fabio Bittar - 6 years ago

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Thanks, but it seriously did happen though :)

Kevin Gequinto - 6 years ago

Note first that both 9 9 and 9 9 9^{9} are odd.

Now by the binomial theorem, for any odd (positive) integer, we have that

9 n = ( 10 1 ) n = 100 C + 10 n 1 9^{n} = (10 - 1)^{n} = 100*C + 10n - 1 for some C 0. C \ge 0.

(This is because 1 0 2 10^{2} will be a factor in every other term of the expansion.)

Now with k k being the units digit of n , n, we have that 10 n 10 k ( m o d 100 ) . 10n \equiv 10k \pmod{100}.

Thus, for odd n n , 9 n ( 10 k 1 ) ( m o d 100 ) , 9^{n} \equiv (10k - 1) \pmod{100}, and so 9 9 89 ( m o d 100 ) . 9^{9} \equiv 89 \pmod{100}.

But then, as the last digit of 9 9 9^{9} is 9 , 9, we in turn have that 9 9 9 89 ( m o d 100 ) . 9^{9^{9}} \equiv \boxed{89} \pmod{100}.

As one can see, the same result will hold for any "power tower" of 9 9 's.

It's good that we have a slightly different way to think about this stuff...so we both get to write a solution ;) (+1)

Otto Bretscher - 6 years ago

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Yup, diversity is a good thing. :)

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years ago
Alakh Aggarwal
May 29, 2015

A simple and hit-and-trial method... worked for me.... 9^n ends with 1 for even n and with 9 for odd n... this leaves us with two options 09 and 89... On careful observation.. it can be observed that after 9^1 ending with 09... 9^n ends with 09 next time with n=11... therefore for two digits... the pattern repeats with every 10 numbers..... also 9^9 ends with 89... and 89 ends with 9... therefore... (9^9)^9 must end with 89.... Sorry... but at present level... I don't know the concepts of mod.... so I didn't use it....

Moderator note:

Why does "the pattern repeats with every 10 numbers"? You have only observed that the pattern follows for smaller powers of 9 9 . Are you sure it works for even larger powers of 9 9 ?

It's not difficult to learn the basics of modular arithmetic, here's the link to guide you through the introduction of modular arithmetic.

As you can see the concept, if we raised 9 by an odd no the last digit is 9, and based on the choices 89 is correct since second digt must not be zero.

Moderator note:

Why does your statement holds true?

"As you can see the concept, if we raised 9 by an odd no the last digit is 9"

This is basically an antisolution. You have not figured out why the answer can't be 09 09 either.

See Brian Charlesworth or Otto Brestcher's solution for a proper approach.

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