The sum of the series 6 , 6 6 , 6 6 6 , 6 6 6 6 . . . . . . . is given by a e ( b n + 1 − c n − d ) .Find a + b + c + d + e
a, b, c, d, e are positive integers. e and a are coprime.
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6 + 6 6 + 6 6 6 + 6 6 6 6 + . . . = 6 ( 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + . . . )
Partial sums of the part in the parentheses: { 1 , 1 2 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 3 4 . . . }
Formula for the n th partial sum via a recurrence relation:
a ( n ) = 1 0 a ( n − 1 ) + n
This equation is inhomogeneous. Let's turn it into a homogenous recurrence relation and solve by substituting a ( n ) = r x :
a ( n ) = 1 0 a ( n − 1 ) + n , a ( n − 1 ) = 1 0 a ( n − 2 ) + n − 1
a ( n ) − a ( n − 1 ) = ( 1 0 a ( n − 1 ) + n ) − ( 1 0 a ( n − 2 ) + n − 1 )
a ( n ) = 1 1 a ( n − 1 ) − 1 0 a ( n − 2 ) + 1 , a ( n − 1 ) = 1 1 a ( n − 2 ) − 1 0 a ( n − 3 ) + 1
a ( n ) − a ( n − 1 ) = ( 1 1 a ( n − 1 ) − 1 0 a ( n − 2 ) + 1 ) − ( 1 1 a ( n − 2 ) − 1 0 a ( n − 3 ) + 1 )
a ( n ) = 1 2 a ( n − 1 ) − 2 1 a ( n − 2 ) + 1 0 a ( n − 3 ) , replace a ( n ) = r x
r x = 1 2 r x − 1 − 2 1 r x − 2 + 1 0 r x − 3
r 3 − 1 2 r 2 − 2 1 r + 1 0 = 0
( r − 1 0 ) ( r − 1 ) 2 = 0 ⟹ { 1 , 1 0 }
We now must take our values of r and use them to create a general formula for a ( n ) :
a ( n ) = c 1 1 0 n + c 2 x 1 n + c 3 1 n = c 1 1 0 n + c 2 n + c 3
Knowing that a ( 1 ) = 1 , a ( 2 ) = 1 2 , and a ( 3 ) = 1 2 3 , let's solve for c 1 , c 2 , and c 3 :
1 0 c 1 + c 2 + c 3 = 1
1 0 0 c 1 + 2 c 2 + c 3 = 1 2
1 0 0 0 c 1 + 3 c 2 + c 3 = 1 2 3
9 0 c 1 + c 2 = 1 1
9 0 0 c 1 + c 2 = 1 1 1
8 1 0 c 1 = 1 0 0 ⟹ c 1 = 8 1 1 0
9 0 ( 8 1 1 0 ) + c 2 = 1 1 ⟹ c 2 = − 9 1
1 0 ( 8 1 1 0 ) − 9 1 + c 3 = 1 ⟹ c 3 = − 8 1 1 0
Plugging into our equation:
a ( n ) = 8 1 1 0 1 0 n − 8 1 9 n − 8 1 1 0 = 8 1 1 ( 1 0 n + 1 − 9 n − 1 0 )
Now that we have our formula for the partial sums of the part within the parentheses, our answer is simply 6 times a ( n ) :
6 a ( n ) = 8 1 6 ( 1 0 n + 1 − 9 n − 1 0 ) = 2 7 2 ( 1 0 n + 1 − 9 n − 1 0 )
Finally, we get a = 2 7 , b = 1 0 , c = 9 , d = 1 0 , and e = 2 . Therefore, our answer must be:
2 7 + 1 0 + 9 + 1 0 + 2 = 5 8
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Here is a tricky part in this problem. Let's investigate that. 6 + 6 6 + 6 6 6 + … We will try to convert it in the form so that we may create a G P in it. 3 2 ( 9 + 9 9 + 9 9 9 + … ) 3 2 ( 1 0 − 1 + 1 0 2 − 1 + 1 0 3 − 1 + … ) Now we have created a G P . Now it can be summed easily using formula for finite G P summation. 3 2 ( r = 1 ∑ n ( 1 0 r ) − n ) 3 2 ( 1 0 − 1 1 0 ( 1 0 n − 1 ) − n ) Now we just have to manipulate the expression to get the expression in desired format. 3 2 9 1 0 n + 1 − 9 n − 1 0 2 7 2 ( 1 0 n + 1 − 9 n − 1 0 )
Therefore 2 7 + 1 0 + 9 + 1 0 + 2 = 5 8