∫ 0 π / 2 tan x cos x ln ( sec x ) d x = ?
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Let l n s e c x = z .
Then z = lim x → 0 + l n s e c x = 0
z = lim x → ∞ − l n s e c x = ∞ .
∫ 0 2 π t a n x c o s x l n s e c x d x = ∫ 0 ∞ z e 2 − z d z = I ( s a y )
I = lim z → ∞ − − 2 z e 2 − z + lim z → 0 + 2 z e 2 − z + 2 ∫ 0 ∞ e 2 − z d z
→ I = 4
Making substitution u = 2 1 z then you have 4 ∫ 0 ∞ u e − u d u = 4 ⋅ Γ ( 2 ) = 4 ⋅ 1 ! where Γ ( n + 1 ) = ∫ 0 ∞ x n e − x d x = n ! ; for n ∈ Z + I myself solve the integral in the following manner ∫ 0 2 π cos x sin x cos x ln ( cos x 1 ) d x then letting y = cos x after that let y = e − t , you will get a gamma function .
I don't know why z → ∞ does not come directly beyond lim .
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Hi, use \displaystyle \lim_{z \to \infty} to get z → ∞ lim
The integral is I = − 4 1 ∫ 0 π / 2 2 sin ( t ) cos − 1 / 2 ( t ) ln ( cos 2 ( t ) ) dt COnsider the beta function B ( 1 , x ) = ∫ 0 π / 2 2 sin ( t ) cos 2 x − 1 ( t ) dt d.w.r.x B ′ ( 1 , x ) = ∫ 0 π / 2 2 sin ( t ) cos 2 x − 1 ( t ) ln ( cos 2 ( t ) ) dt Now B ′ ( 1 , x ) = d x d Γ ( x + 1 ) Γ ( 1 ) Γ ( x ) = d x d x 1 = x 2 − 1 putting x=1/4 I = − 4 B ′ ( 1 , 1 / 4 ) = 4 4 2 = 4
Nice recognition of the relation to the beta function, offering an alternative approach.
Under what conditions can we interchange the order of differentiation and integration?
Nice recognition of the relation to the beta function, offering an alternative approach.
Under what conditions can we interchange the order of differentiation and integration?
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I have always assumed this is always possible; are there any constraint?
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Yes there are. We have to justify the interchange of limit operators (which is essentially what differentiation and integration are).
For example, if we take a m , n = 1 if m > n and a m , n = 0 otheriwse, what is
m lim n lim a m , n − n lim m lim a m , n ?
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Let t = sec x → d t = tan x sec x d x and for 0 < x < 2 π is corresponding to 1 < t < ∞ , then ∫ 0 2 π tan x cos x ln ( sec x ) d x = ∫ 0 2 π sec x tan x ln ( sec x ) d x = ∫ 1 ∞ t − 2 3 ln t d t . The last form integral can be solven by using IBP. Let u = ln t → d u = t 1 d t and d v = t − 2 3 d t → v = − 2 t − 2 1 . Therefore ∫ 1 ∞ t − 2 3 ln t d t = − 2 a → ∞ lim t − 2 1 ln t ∣ ∣ ∣ t = 1 a + 2 ∫ 1 ∞ t − 2 1 ⋅ t 1 d t = 0 + 2 ∫ 1 ∞ t − 2 3 d t = − 4 a → ∞ lim t − 2 1 ∣ ∣ ∣ t = 1 a = − 4 ( 0 − 1 ) = 4 # Q . E . D . #