∫ 0 1 ( { 2 x } − 1 ) ( { 3 x } − 1 ) d x
If the value of the integral above equals B A , where A and B are coprime positive integers, find A + B .
Notation : { ⋅ } denotes the fractional part function .
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Split the integral into 0 to 1/3, 1/3 to 1/2, 1/2 to 2/3, 2/3 to 1.
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Can you explain why we need to divide this integral into only these intervals?
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Sure, from 0 to 1/3, the fractional part function actually makes no difference, so you can just take the integral of (2x - 1)(3x - 1)dx
From 1/3 to 1/2, {2x} -1 still equals 2x -1, but now {3x} -1 now equals 3x -2
Same logic continues: From 1/2 to 2/3: we get (2x -2)(3x -2)dx & from 2/3 to 1 you have (2x -2)(3x -3)dx
Now you just have 4 simple definite integrals, (small shortcut, since the 2x^3 is common to all the ranges you can do that one term from zero to one).
Not so bad once you see the path.
I = ∫ 0 1 ( { 2 x } − 1 ) ( { 3 x } − 1 ) d x = ∫ 0 1 ( 2 x − ⌊ 2 x ⌋ − 1 ) ( 3 x − ⌊ 3 x ⌋ − 1 ) d x = ∫ 0 3 1 ( 2 x − 1 ) ( 3 x − 1 ) d x + ∫ 3 1 2 1 ( 2 x − 1 ) ( 3 x − 2 ) d x + ∫ 2 1 3 2 ( 2 x − 2 ) ( 3 x − 2 ) d x + ∫ 3 2 1 ( 2 x − 2 ) ( 3 x − 3 ) d x = ∫ 0 3 1 ( 6 x 2 − 5 x + 1 ) d x + ∫ 3 1 2 1 ( 6 x 2 − 7 x + 2 ) d x + ∫ 2 1 3 2 ( 6 x 2 − 1 0 x + 4 ) d x + ∫ 3 2 1 ( 6 x 2 − 1 2 x + 6 ) d x = 2 x 3 − 2 5 x 2 + x ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 0 3 1 + 2 x 3 − 2 7 x 2 + 2 x ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 3 1 2 1 + 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 1 3 2 + 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 3 2 1 = 2 x 3 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 0 1 − 6 ( 1 ) + ( 6 − 5 ) ( 3 2 ) 2 + ( 5 − 2 7 ) ( 2 1 ) 2 + ( 2 7 − 2 5 ) ( 3 1 ) 2 + 6 ( 1 ) − ( 6 − 4 ) ( 3 2 ) − ( 4 − 2 ) ( 2 1 ) − ( 2 − 1 ) ( 3 1 ) = 2 − 6 + 9 4 + 8 3 + 9 1 + 6 − 3 4 − 1 − 3 1 = 7 2 1 9
⟹ A + B = 1 9 + 7 2 = 9 1
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Note that since x ≥ 0 , the integrand is the same as ( 1 − { 2 x } ) ( 1 − { 3 x } ) . Thinking of this as 1 − u vs. u , it's all the same since it doesn't matter if we're working "up" or "down" from the fractional parts going from 0 to 1. (This is admittedly handwave-y, and it would be great for someone to post a rigorous proof of this.) Thus, our final answer will be ∫ 0 1 { 2 x } { 3 x } d x .
There are a few ways to handle this integral. The most straightforward is to just break it up into the intervals where "things change"; e.g., where 2 x or 3 x become ≥ 1 , ≥ 2 . This gives 7 2 1 9 , so the answer is A + B = 1 9 + 7 2 = 9 1 .