Intriguing Product

Geometry Level 5

k = 0 2016 ( 1 2 cos ( k π 2017 ) ) = ? \large \prod_{k=0}^{2016}\left(1-2\cos\left(\frac{k\pi}{2017}\right)\right) = \, ?


The answer is -1.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Mar 10, 2016

The Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind U n ( x ) U_n(x) has leading term 2 n x n 2^n x^n and zeros cos k π n + 1 \cos \tfrac{k \pi}{n+1} for 1 k n 1 \le k \le n . Thus U n ( x ) = 2 n k = 1 n ( x cos k π n + 1 ) = k = 1 n ( 2 x 2 cos k π n + 1 ) U_n(x) \; = \; 2^n \prod_{k=1}^n \left( x - \cos\tfrac{k\pi}{n+1}\right) \; = \; \prod_{k=1}^n \left(2x - 2\cos\tfrac{k\pi}{n+1}\right) and so the product of the question is equal to k = 0 2016 ( 1 2 cos k π 2017 ) = k = 1 2016 ( 1 2 cos k π 2017 ) = U 2016 ( 1 2 ) . \prod_{k=0}^{2016} \left(1 - 2\cos\tfrac{k\pi}{2017}\right) \; = \; -\prod_{k=1}^{2016} \left(1 - 2\cos\tfrac{k\pi}{2017}\right) \; =\; -U_{2016}(\tfrac12) \;. Since U n ( cos θ ) = sin ( n + 1 ) θ sin θ , U_n(\cos\theta) \; =\; \frac{\sin(n+1)\theta}{\sin\theta} \;, we deduce that U n ( 1 2 ) = sin 1 3 ( n + 1 ) π sin 1 3 π , U_n(\tfrac12) \; = \; \frac{\sin \tfrac13(n+1)\pi}{\sin \tfrac13\pi} \;, and hence U 2016 ( 1 2 ) = 1 U_{2016}(\tfrac12) = 1 , making the answer equal to 1 \boxed{-1} .

Ah... that's... Throws away my solution

Julian Poon - 5 years, 3 months ago

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Yea, when the form looks like ( x cos k π n ) \prod ( x - \cos \frac{k \pi}{n} ) , then chebyshev polynomials are your best bet.

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 3 months ago

Yes, thats's what I had in mind(+1). The relevant facts can be found here , formulas 18 and 22.

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 3 months ago

Nice! Related problem

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 2 months ago

1 pending report

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