∫ 0 ∞ x sin x d x − ∫ 0 ∞ n = 1 ∏ 8 2 n − 1 x sin ( 2 n − 1 x ) d x
Find the value of the closed form of the above expression.
Give your answer to 3 significant places.
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Is there any other simpler way ???
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Not to my knowledge. The reason for the change of the value of the integral would have to be pretty subtle. Taking the Fourier transform reduces the problem to analysing the behaviour of the convolutions of characteristic functions of intervals, which is not too bad.
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These are what are called the Borwein integrals. For any k > 0 define the function f k ( x ) = 2 k χ [ − k − 1 , k − 1 ] ( x ) noting that ∫ R f k ( x ) d x = 1 ( F f k ) ( y ) = 2 π 1 s i n c ( k y ) for any k > 0 , where F denotes the Fourier transform, and s i n c ( x ) = x sin x Thus j = 1 ∏ n s i n c ( 2 j + 1 y ) = ( 2 π ) 2 1 n j = 1 ∏ n ( F f 2 j + 1 ) ( y ) = 2 π [ F ( f 3 ⋆ f 5 ⋆ ⋯ ⋆ f 2 n + 1 ) ] ( y ) where ⋆ denotes the convolution operation ( f ⋆ g ) ( x ) = ∫ R f ( y ) g ( x − y ) d y for suitable functions f , g . Note that all functions we shall be dealing with are "suitable". Thus B n = ∫ 0 ∞ j = 0 ∏ n s i n c ( 2 j + 1 x ) d x = 2 1 × 2 π ⟨ F f 1 , F ( f 3 ⋆ f 5 ⋆ ⋯ f 2 n + 1 ) ⟩ = π ⟨ f 1 , f 3 ⋆ f 5 ⋆ ⋯ ⋆ f 2 n + 1 ⟩ = 2 1 π ∫ − 1 1 ( f 3 ⋆ f 5 ⋆ ⋯ ⋆ f 2 n + 1 ) ( x ) d x Now define c n = j = 1 ∑ n 2 j + 1 1 and let F n ( x ) = ( f 3 ⋆ f 5 ⋆ ⋯ ⋆ f 2 n + 1 ) ( x ) It is a simple matter of induction to note that:
Thus, if n is small enough that c n < 1 , then B n = 2 1 π ∫ − 1 1 F n ( x ) d x = 2 1 π ∫ R F n ( x ) d x = 2 1 π j = 1 ∏ n ∫ R f 2 j + 1 ( x ) d x = 2 1 π On the other hand, if n is such that c n − 1 < 1 < c n , then B n = 2 1 π − π ∫ 1 ∞ F n ( x ) d x = 2 1 π − π ∫ 1 c n 2 n ( n − 1 ) ! ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! ( c n − x ) n − 1 d x = 2 1 π − π 2 n n ! ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! ( c n − 1 ) n In our case the key value is n = 7 , since c 6 < 1 < c 7 , and hence 2 1 π − B 7 = π 2 7 7 ! 1 5 ! ! ( c 7 − 1 ) 7 = 9 3 5 6 1 5 8 4 9 4 4 0 6 4 0 9 0 7 3 1 0 5 2 1 7 5 0 0 0 0 6 8 7 9 7 1 4 9 5 8 7 2 3 0 1 0 5 3 1 π = 2 . 3 1 × 1 0 − 1 1 while each of B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 , B 5 , B 6 is equal to 2 1 π .