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We can estimate the value of S = k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 with I = ∫ a b x 1 d x with appropriate values of the limits a and b . Since the x 1 is convex, we note that the area where the curve is above the column α is larger than the area where the column is above the curve β . Then we have:
2 1 + ∫ 1 n 2 x 1 d x + n + 2 1 1 2 1 + 2 x ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 n 2 + n + 2 1 1 2 1 + 2 ( n − 2 ) + n + 2 1 1 ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ 2 1 + 2 ( n − 2 ) + n + 2 1 1 ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⟹ 2 ( n − 1 ) < k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 < ∫ 2 1 n 2 + 2 1 x 1 d x < k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 < ∫ 2 1 1 x 1 d x + ∫ 1 n 2 x 1 d x + ∫ n 2 n 2 + 2 1 x 1 d x < k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 < 2 − 2 + 2 ( n − 1 ) + 2 n 1 < ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ < ⌊ 2 − 2 + 2 ( n − 1 ) + 2 n 1 ⌋ = ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ k = 1 ∑ n 2 k 1 ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ = 2 ( n − 1 ) Note that ∫ n 2 n 2 + 2 1 x 1 d x < 2 1 ⋅ n 2 1 = 2 n 1 one half of the last column. Taking the integral part throughout. for n ≥ 2
Therefore ⌊ k = 1 ∑ 2 0 2 5 k 1 ⌋ = 2 ( 2 0 2 5 − 1 ) = 8 8 .