Isn't 100000 such a huge number (Part 11 ) ?

Algebra Level 3

Let T ( x ) = x 124 + x 123 + x 122 + + x + 1 T(x)=x^{124}+x^{123}+x^{122}+\ldots+x+1 and a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , , a 123 , a 124 a_{1},a_{2},a_{3}, \ldots, a_{123},a_{124} be the values of x x for which T ( x ) = 0 T(x) = 0 .

If V n = a 1 n + a 2 n + a 3 n + + a 124 n V_{n} = a_{1}^{n} + a_{2}^{n} + a_{3}^{n} + \ldots + a_{124}^{n} , then find

n = 0 100000 ( 1 ) n V n \large \sum_{n=0}^{100000} (-1)^{n}V_{n}


The answer is 124.

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2 solutions

Kartik Sharma
Feb 7, 2015

Newton's Identities says that if

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + . . . + a 1 x + a 0 f(x) = {a}_{n}{x}^{n} + {a}_{n-1}{x}^{n-1} + ... + {a}_{1}x + {a}_{0} with roots r 1 , r 2 , . . . r n {r}_{1}, {r}_{2},... {r}_{n} and V n = r 1 n + r 2 n + . . . . + r n n {V}_{n} = {{r}_{1}}^{n} + {{r}_{2}}^{n} + .... + {{r}_{n}}^{n} , then

V n a n + V n 1 a n 1 + . . . . + V 1 a 1 + n a 0 = 0 {V}_{n}{a}_{n} + {V}_{n-1}{a}_{n-1} + .... + {V}_{1}{a}_{1} + n{a}_{0} = 0

Now, all one has to do is substitute, starting with V 1 + 1 = 0 {V}_{1} + 1 = 0 .

As we go further, 1 1 will be added to the constant term and V n + 1 {V}_{n+1} to the equation. To balance the equation, 1 1 = 0 V n = 1 1 - 1 = 0 \Rightarrow {V}_{n} = -1

Hence, n = 0 100000 ( 1 ) n . V n = 124 ( 1 ) + ( 1 ) . . . + ( 1 ) ( 1 ) + ( 1 ) = 124 \displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{100000}{{(-1)}^{n}. {V}_{n}} = 124 -(-1) + (-1)... + (-1) - (-1) + (-1) = 124

But here T(x)=/=f(x). Because it said ai are the values of x, not the coefficient. I understand it like T(a1)=T(a2)=...=0 but I'm pretty sure T(x)=0 do not have exactly 124 real solutions.

damien G - 5 years, 2 months ago
Ayush Verma
Feb 9, 2015

T ( x ) = x 125 1 x 1 = 0 , x 1 x = e 2 m π 125 = α m f o r m = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , 124 , a 1 = α V n = α n + α 2 n + . . . + α 124 n = ( α 125 ) n 1 α n 1 = 0 o n l y i f α n 1 0 i f α n 1 = 0 V n = 124 o n l y i f n i s m u l t i p l e o f 125 V n = { 0 f o r n 125 r , r = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , 800 124 f o r n = 125 r , r = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , 800 } S = n = 0 100000 ( 1 ) n V n = r = 0 800 ( 1 ) 125 r ( 124 ) = 124 r = 0 800 ( 1 ) r = 124 { 0 + ( 1 ) 800 } = 124 T\left( x \right) =\cfrac { { x }^{ 125 }-1 }{ x-1 } =0,x\neq 1\\ \\ \Rightarrow x={ e }^{ \cfrac { ^{ 2m\pi } }{ 125 } }={ \alpha }^{ m }\quad for\quad m=1,2,3,...,124,{ a }_{ 1 }=\alpha \\ \\ \Rightarrow { V }_{ n }={ \alpha }^{ n }{ +\alpha }^{ 2n }{ +...+\alpha }^{ 124n }=\cfrac { { \left( { \alpha }^{ 125 } \right) }^{ n }-1 }{ { \alpha }^{ n }-1 } =0\quad only\quad if\quad { \alpha }^{ n }-1\neq 0\\ \\ if\quad { \alpha }^{ n }-1=0\Rightarrow { V }_{ n }=124\quad only\quad if\quad n\quad is\quad multiple\quad of\quad 125\\ \\ \Rightarrow { V }_{ n }=\left\{ \begin{matrix} 0\quad for\quad n\neq 125r\quad ,r=0,1,2,...,800 \\ 124\quad for\quad n=125r\quad ,r=0,1,2,...,800 \end{matrix} \right\} \\ \\ \Rightarrow S=\sum _{ n=0 }^{ 100000 }{ { \left( -1 \right) }^{ n } } { V }_{ n }=\sum _{ r=0 }^{ 800 }{ { \left( -1 \right) }^{ 125r } } \left( 124 \right) \\ \\ \quad \quad \quad =124\sum _{ r=0 }^{ 800 }{ { \left( -1 \right) }^{ r } } =124\left\{ 0+{ \left( -1 \right) }^{ 800 } \right\} \\ \\ \quad \quad =124

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