In the game of Yahtzee, five regular dice are rolled.
The outcome is called a Small Straight if four of the dice can be rearranged as a sequence of consecutive values. Examples are
What is the probability of rolling a Small Straight? Give the answer as a percentage, with three decimals precision. (If the answer is 23.456%, write 23.456.)
Note (and hint!): A "Large Straight" also counts as a "Small Straight."
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There are 6 5 = 7 7 7 6 possible outcomes of rolling five dice. We must count the ones that are Small Straights.
A Small Straight is of one of the forms { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } ; { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , x } ; { 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , x } . Let's focus on the first of these three.
First, there are 5 ! = 1 2 0 possible permutations of each of { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } with x = 5 , 6 . Moreover, there are 5 ! / 2 = 6 0 possible permutations of each of { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } with x = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . (The division by two is due to the fact that one value occurs twice.) Thus there are 2 ⋅ 5 ! + 4 ⋅ 2 5 ! = 4 ⋅ 5 ! = 4 8 0 rolls containing the sequence 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
In the same way we treat the sequences 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , giving 3 ⋅ 4 8 0 = 1 4 4 0 possibilities. However, we now have counted double all Large Straights, because (say) { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } contains both { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } and { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } . Therefore we subtract the number of Large Straights, which is 2 ⋅ 5 ! = 2 4 0 . That leaves 1 4 4 0 − 2 4 0 = 1 2 0 0 possible ways of rolling Small Straight. The probability is P = 7 7 7 6 1 2 0 0 = 0 . 1 5 4 3 2 = 1 5 . 4 3 2 % . (Note that this rounded answer is itself a "large straight". Elegance everywhere...)