Keep the odds straight (2)

In the game of Yahtzee, five regular dice are rolled.

The outcome is called a Small Straight if four of the dice can be rearranged as a sequence of consecutive values. Examples are

( 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) , ( 6 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 5 ) . (2, 1, 2, 3, 4),\ \ (6, 5, 3, 4, 2),\ \ (1, 3, 4, 6, 5).

What is the probability of rolling a Small Straight? Give the answer as a percentage, with three decimals precision. (If the answer is 23.456%, write 23.456.)

Note (and hint!): A "Large Straight" also counts as a "Small Straight."


The answer is 15.432.

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2 solutions

Arjen Vreugdenhil
May 16, 2016

There are 6 5 = 7776 6^5 = 7776 possible outcomes of rolling five dice. We must count the ones that are Small Straights.

A Small Straight is of one of the forms { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } ; { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , x } ; { 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , x } \{1,2,3,4,x\};\ \{2,3,4,5,x\};\ \{3,4,5,6,x\} . Let's focus on the first of these three.

First, there are 5 ! = 120 5! = 120 possible permutations of each of { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } \{1,2,3,4,x\} with x = 5 , 6 x = 5, 6 . Moreover, there are 5 ! / 2 = 60 5!/2 = 60 possible permutations of each of { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , x } \{1,2,3,4,x\} with x = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 x = 1, 2, 3, 4 . (The division by two is due to the fact that one value occurs twice.) Thus there are 2 5 ! + 4 5 ! 2 = 4 5 ! = 480 2\cdot 5! + 4\cdot \frac{5!}2 = 4\cdot 5! = 480 rolls containing the sequence 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1, 2, 3, 4 .

In the same way we treat the sequences 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 2, 3, 4, 5 and 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 3, 4, 5, 6 , giving 3 480 = 1440 3 \cdot 480 = 1440 possibilities. However, we now have counted double all Large Straights, because (say) { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} contains both { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } \{1,2,3,4\} and { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } \{2,3,4,5\} . Therefore we subtract the number of Large Straights, which is 2 5 ! = 240 2\cdot 5! = 240 . That leaves 1440 240 = 1200 1440 - 240 = 1200 possible ways of rolling Small Straight. The probability is P = 1200 7776 = 0.15432 = 15.432 % . P = \frac{1200}{7776} = 0.15432 = \boxed{15.432}\%. (Note that this rounded answer is itself a "large straight". Elegance everywhere...)

Did the same way.Especially liked the final statement.

Nice last statement!

Siva Bathula - 5 years ago

I solved it by brute force to double check, here is my code: (Python)

def isgood(alist):
    if 1 in alist and 2 in alist and 3 in alist and 4 in alist:
        return True
    elif 5 in alist and 2 in alist and 3 in alist and 4 in alist:
        return True
    elif 5 in alist and 6 in alist and 3 in alist and 4 in alist:
        return True
    else:
        return False

yes = 0
total = 0
for a in range(1,7):
    for b in range(1,7):
        for c in range(1,7):
            for d in range(1,7):
                for e in range(1,7):
                    alist = [a,b,c,d,e]
                    if isgood(alist):
                        yes+=1
                        total+=1
                    else:
                        total+=1
print (yes/total)

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