2.25 π 0.25 π sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x ? \small \int_{-2.25\pi}^{0.25\pi}\sin\left(\cos\left(x\right)\right)dx\approx ?

Calculus Level 4

3 π 4 π sin ( cos x ) d x 0.613 \large \int _{ \frac { 3\pi }{ 4 } }^{ \pi } \sin ( \cos x )\, dx \approx -0.613

Given the above, what is 2.25 π 0.25 π sin ( cos x ) d x \displaystyle \int_{-2.25\pi}^{0.25\pi}\sin (\cos x)\, dx to 3 decimal places?


The answer is 1.226.

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1 solution

Jason Apostol
Apr 5, 2018

Considering the periodicity of sine and cosine, we can solve this problem easily.

Below is a graph of sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(x)) (in red), marked by the limits of the given integral 3 π 4 π sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x \int_{\frac{3\pi}{4}}^{\pi} \sin(\cos(x)) dx with the red line being x = 3 π 4 x=\frac{3\pi}{4} and the black line being x = π x=\pi .

The problem states that the area in between x = 3 π 4 x=\frac{3\pi}{4} and x = π x=\pi is 0.613, indicated by the blue shaded region above. As sine and cosine are both periodic with period 2 π 2\pi , the periodic function sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(x)) must also be periodic with a period of 2 π 2\pi . With the knowledge that sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(x)) is periodic with the period 2 π 2\pi , we can establish the identity that,

sin ( cos ( x ± π 2 ) ) = sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(x \pm \frac{\pi}{2})) = \sin(\cos(x))

Next, as sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(x)) is an odd function, we can say that

sin ( cos ( x ± π 2 ) ) = sin ( cos ( x ) ) \sin(\cos(-x \pm \frac{\pi}{2})) = -\sin(\cos(x))

With the aforementioned identity, we can conclude that for any point x x within the set of [ 3 π 4 , π [\frac{3\pi}{4}, \pi ], the value given by the sin(cos) of the corrospoding point x ± π 2 x \pm \frac{\pi}{2} will be equal to that of the originial point, by identity one. Meaning,

3 π 4 π sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = 0 π 4 sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = 3 π 4 π sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = 0.613 \int_{\frac{3\pi}{4}}^{\pi} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = \int_{0}^\frac{\pi}{4} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = \int_{\frac{3\pi}{4}}^{\pi} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = 0.613

extended to other points,

2 π 3 π 2 sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = π 2 0 sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = 1 2 3 π 2 π 2 sin ( cos ( x ) ) d x = A \int_{-2\pi}^\frac{-3\pi}{2} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = \int_{\frac{-\pi}{2}}^{0} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = \frac{1}{2}\int_{\frac{-3\pi}{2}}^{\frac{-\pi}{2}} \sin(\cos(x)) dx = A

Graphically, So,

I = A 2 ( 1 2 A ) + 2 ( 0.613 ) = 1.266 I = A - 2*(\frac{1}{2}A) + 2(0.613) = 1.266 as illustrated by the graph above.

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