A sequence of integers A i is defined by A 1 = 1 , A 2 = 2 and A n = A n − 1 − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n − 2 for n ≥ 3 . What is ∣ A 1 0 0 0 ∣ ?
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We can list out a few terms: A 1 = 1 A 2 = 2 A 3 = 1 A 4 = − 1 A 5 = − 3 A 6 = − 1 A 7 = − 7 A 8 = − 1 A 9 = − 4 3 A 1 0 = − 1 A 1 1 = − 1 8 0 7
Note that starting from A 4 , every other term is − 1 . Let us prove that this holds in the general case; that is, for all integers n such that n > 1 , A 2 n = − 1 . We will do so by induction.
The base case is n = 2 . We have already shown that A 4 = 1 , which proves this case.
Now for the inductive step. We assume that for an integer k , A 2 k = − 1 . We need to show that A 2 ( k + 1 ) = A 2 k + 2 = − 1 .
First, note that A 2 k + 1 = A 2 k − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A 2 k − 1 = − 1 − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A 2 k − 1 . Then we see that A 2 k + 2 = A 2 k + 1 − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A 2 k − 1 A 2 k = − 1 − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A 2 k − 1 − ( − A 1 A 2 ⋯ A 2 k − 1 ) = − 1 , so our induction is complete.
Thus, we have shown that for all integers n > 1 , A 2 n = − 1 . When we plug in n = 5 0 0 , we obtain A 1 0 0 0 = − 1 ; so, the answer is ∣ A 1 0 0 0 ∣ = 1 .
Any guesses for what the sequence of A 2 k + 1 is like? Is there a simple way of describing it?
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Calvin - please tell me if my solution is correct -
https://brilliant.org/assessment/s/combinatorics/4393183/#!/solution-comments/8555/5695
By listing the first few terms of the sequence, we see that: A 3 = 1 A 4 = − 1 A 5 = − 3 A 6 = − 1 A 7 = − 7 A 8 = − 1 Notice that: ∀ n such that n ≡ 0 ( m o d 2 ) , A n = − 1 Therefore, we can see that A 1 0 0 0 = − 1 so: ∣ A 1 0 0 0 ∣ = 1
We will claim that x n = − ( ( − ω ) n + 1 + ( − ω 2 ) n + 1 )
where ω is the 3rd root of unity.
We can proove our claim as follows-
setting n = 3 we can define the characteristic polynomial of the recurrence as follows -
x 3 = x 2 − x ⇒ x 2 − x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − ω , − ω 2
Hence the recurrence will be -
x n = c 1 ( − ω ) n + c 2 ( − ω 2 ) n
Now setting x 1 = 1 and x 2 = 2 , we get c 1 = − ω and c 2 = − ω 2
Hence, x n = − ( ( − ω ) n + 1 + ( − ω 2 ) n + 1 )
Now x 1 0 0 0 = − ( − ω 1 0 0 1 − ω 2 0 0 2 )
Since we know that ω 3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0
we get, x 1 0 0 0 = − ( − ω 2 − ω ) = − 1 So, ∣ x 1 0 0 0 ∣ = 1
Sorry, I have used x n in place of A n
Let's look at the first few terms of the sequence: $$A 1=1$$ $$A 2=2$$ $$A 3=1$$ $$A 4=-1$$ $$A 5=-3$$ $$A 6=-1$$ $$A 7=-7$$ $$A 8=-1$$ It seems that if n is even and positive, then A n is -1. This is not terribly hard to prove, therefore: ∣ A 1 0 0 0 ∣ = 1 1
∣A 1000 ∣=1 , it is not 11
Computing the first few terms, we find that A 3 = 1 , A 4 = − 1 , A 5 = − 3 and A 6 = − 1 . Note that since A 4 = A 6 , A 2 n = A 4 = − 1 for all n greater than 3 . Since 1 0 0 0 ≡ 0 ( m o d 2 ) , A 1 0 0 0 = A 4 = − 1 , so the absolute value of A 1 0 0 0 is 0 0 1 .
A3 = 1 A4 = -1 A5 = -3 A6 = -1 A7 = -7 A8 = -1 A9 = -43 A10 = -1 . . . . A1000 = -1 because every Ai , i = even number, the value of this Ai = -1 so l A1000 l = 1 .
Since you had stated that i = even number, does it include i = 2 ?
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No, since A2 is defined to be 2. Therefore every A(2i) with i>1 will have a value -1
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Calculating a couple more terms, we find that A 3 = 1 A 4 = − 1 Now, we use induction to prove that A 2 n = − 1 for n ≥ 2 . The base case n = 2 is true.
Assume the result is true for n = k , such that A 2 k = − 1 .
Let A 2 k − 1 A 2 k − 2 ⋯ A 1 = P .
Then, A 2 k + 1 = A 2 k − P = − 1 − P Now, A 2 k + 2 = A 2 k + 1 − A 2 k P = ( − 1 − P ) − ( − P ) = − 1 Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1 , and by induction, for all n ≥ 2 .
Since 1 0 0 0 is even, ∣ A 1 0 0 0 ∣ = 1 .