Largely wrong

A sequence of integers A i A_i is defined by A 1 = 1 , A 2 = 2 A_1 = 1, A_2 = 2 and A n = A n 1 A 1 A 2 A n 2 A_n = A_{n-1} -A_1A_2\cdots A_{n-2} for n 3. n \geq 3. What is A 1000 \left\vert A_{1000} \right\vert ?


The answer is 1.

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7 solutions

Daniel Chiu
Oct 6, 2013

Calculating a couple more terms, we find that A 3 = 1 A_3=1 A 4 = 1 A_4=-1 Now, we use induction to prove that A 2 n = 1 A_{2n}=-1 for n 2 n\ge 2 . The base case n = 2 n=2 is true.

Assume the result is true for n = k n=k , such that A 2 k = 1 A_{2k}=-1 .

Let A 2 k 1 A 2 k 2 A 1 = P A_{2k-1}A_{2k-2}\cdots A_1=P .

Then, A 2 k + 1 = A 2 k P = 1 P A_{2k+1}=A_{2k}-P=-1-P Now, A 2 k + 2 = A 2 k + 1 A 2 k P = ( 1 P ) ( P ) = 1 A_{2k+2}=A_{2k+1}-A_{2k}P=(-1-P)-(-P)=-1 Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1 n=k+1 , and by induction, for all n 2 n\ge 2 .

Since 1000 1000 is even, A 1000 = 1 |A_{1000}|=\boxed{1} .

Vinjai Vale
Oct 6, 2013

We can list out a few terms: A 1 = 1 A_1 = 1 A 2 = 2 A_2 = 2 A 3 = 1 A_3 = 1 A 4 = 1 A_4 = -1 A 5 = 3 A_5 = -3 A 6 = 1 A_6 = -1 A 7 = 7 A_7 = -7 A 8 = 1 A_8 = -1 A 9 = 43 A_9 = -43 A 10 = 1 A_{10} = -1 A 11 = 1807 A_{11} = -1807

Note that starting from A 4 A_4 , every other term is 1 -1 . Let us prove that this holds in the general case; that is, for all integers n n such that n > 1 n > 1 , A 2 n = 1 A_{2n} = -1 . We will do so by induction.

The base case is n = 2 n = 2 . We have already shown that A 4 = 1 A_4 = 1 , which proves this case.

Now for the inductive step. We assume that for an integer k k , A 2 k = 1 A_{2k} = -1 . We need to show that A 2 ( k + 1 ) = A 2 k + 2 = 1 A_{2(k+1)} = A_{2k+2} = -1 .

First, note that A 2 k + 1 = A 2 k A 1 A 2 A 2 k 1 = 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 k 1 . A_{2k+1} = A_{2k} - A_1A_2\cdots A_{2k-1} = -1 - A_1A_2\cdots A_{2k-1}. Then we see that A 2 k + 2 = A 2 k + 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 k 1 A 2 k = 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 k 1 ( A 1 A 2 A 2 k 1 ) = 1 , A_{2k+2} = A_{2k+1} - A_1A_2\cdots A_{2k-1}A_{2k} = -1 - A_1A_2\cdots A_{2k-1} - (-A_1A_2\cdots A_{2k-1}) = -1, so our induction is complete.

Thus, we have shown that for all integers n > 1 n > 1 , A 2 n = 1 A_{2n} = -1 . When we plug in n = 500 n = 500 , we obtain A 1000 = 1 A_{1000} = -1 ; so, the answer is A 1000 = 1 |A_{1000}| = \boxed{1} .

Any guesses for what the sequence of A 2 k + 1 A_{2k+1} is like? Is there a simple way of describing it?

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago

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Calvin - please tell me if my solution is correct -

https://brilliant.org/assessment/s/combinatorics/4393183/#!/solution-comments/8555/5695

Adya Jaiswal - 7 years, 8 months ago
Oliver Welsh
Oct 7, 2013

By listing the first few terms of the sequence, we see that: A 3 = 1 A_3 = 1 A 4 = 1 A_4 = -1 A 5 = 3 A_5 = -3 A 6 = 1 A_6 = -1 A 7 = 7 A_7 = -7 A 8 = 1 A_8 = -1 Notice that: n such that n 0 ( m o d 2 ) , A n = 1 \forall n \text{ such that } n \equiv 0\pmod{2}, \quad A_n = -1 Therefore, we can see that A 1000 = 1 A_{1000} = -1 so: A 1000 = 1 |A_{1000}| = \fbox{1}

Adya Jaiswal
Oct 10, 2013

We will claim that x n = ( ( ω ) n + 1 + ( ω 2 ) n + 1 ) x_n = -((-\omega)^{n+1}+(-\omega^2)^{n+1})

where ω \omega is the 3rd root of unity.

We can proove our claim as follows-

setting n = 3 n=3 we can define the characteristic polynomial of the recurrence as follows -

x 3 = x 2 x x 2 x + 1 = 0 x = ω , ω 2 x^3=x^2-x \Rightarrow x^2 -x+1=0 \Rightarrow x = -\omega , -\omega^2

Hence the recurrence will be -

x n = c 1 ( ω ) n + c 2 ( ω 2 ) n x_n = c_1(-\omega)^n + c_2(-\omega^2)^n

Now setting x 1 = 1 x_1=1 and x 2 = 2 x_2=2 , we get c 1 = ω c_1=-\omega and c 2 = ω 2 c_2=-\omega^2

Hence, x n = ( ( ω ) n + 1 + ( ω 2 ) n + 1 ) x_n = -((-\omega)^{n+1}+(-\omega^2)^{n+1})

Now x 1000 = ( ω 1001 ω 2002 ) x_{1000} = -(-\omega^{1001} - \omega^{2002})

Since we know that ω 3 = 1 \omega^3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 1+ \omega + \omega^2 = 0

we get, x 1000 = ( ω 2 ω ) = 1 x_{1000} = -(-\omega^2 - \omega) = -1 So, x 1000 = 1 |x_{1000}| = 1

Sorry, I have used x n x_n in place of A n A_n

Adya Jaiswal - 7 years, 8 months ago
Edward Jiang
Oct 7, 2013

Let's look at the first few terms of the sequence: $$A 1=1$$ $$A 2=2$$ $$A 3=1$$ $$A 4=-1$$ $$A 5=-3$$ $$A 6=-1$$ $$A 7=-7$$ $$A 8=-1$$ It seems that if n n is even and positive, then A n A_n is -1. This is not terribly hard to prove, therefore: A 1000 = 11 \boxed{\mid A_{1000}\mid =11}

∣A 1000 ∣=1 , it is not 11

Sablis Salam - 7 years, 8 months ago
Lee Wall
Feb 25, 2014

Computing the first few terms, we find that A 3 = 1 , A 4 = 1 , A 5 = 3 A_{3} = 1, A_{4} = -1, A_5 = -3 and A 6 = 1 A_6 = -1 . Note that since A 4 = A 6 A_4 = A_6 , A 2 n = A 4 = 1 A_{2n} = A_4 = -1 for all n n greater than 3 3 . Since 1000 0 ( m o d 2 ) 1000 \equiv 0 \pmod {2} , A 1000 = A 4 = 1 A_{1000} = A_4 = -1 , so the absolute value of A 1000 A_{1000} is 001 \boxed{001} .

Sablis Salam
Oct 12, 2013

A3 = 1 A4 = -1 A5 = -3 A6 = -1 A7 = -7 A8 = -1 A9 = -43 A10 = -1 . . . . A1000 = -1 because every Ai , i = even number, the value of this Ai = -1 so l A1000 l = 1 .

Since you had stated that i = even number, does it include i = 2 ?

Wee Hau Chin - 7 years, 8 months ago

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No, since A2 is defined to be 2. Therefore every A(2i) with i>1 will have a value -1

Keerthan Shagrithaya - 7 years, 6 months ago

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