Largest circle tangent at the hyperbola vertex

Calculus Level pending

Consider the hyperbola y 2 x 2 = 1 y^2 - x^2 = 1 , we want to inscribe the largest possible circle that is tangent to the hyperbola at its vertex ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1 ) . Find the radius of this largest circle.

NOTE: The circle points ( x , y ) (x, y) satisfy y 1 y \ge 1 .


The answer is 1.

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1 solution

Tom Engelsman
May 8, 2021

The inscribed circle in question shall have center ( 0 , 1 + r ) (0,1+r) and radius r r , which is represented as x 2 + [ y ( 1 + r ) ] 2 = r 2 . x^2 + [y-(1+r)]^2 = r^2. If it intersects the hyperbola y 2 x 2 = 1 y^2-x^2=1 in just one point (namely ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 1 ) (x,y)=(0,1) ), then substituting x 2 = y 2 1 x^2=y^2-1 into the circular equation yields the quadratic;

( y 2 1 ) + [ y 2 2 ( 1 + r ) y + ( 1 + r ) 2 ] = r 2 2 y 2 2 ( 1 + r ) y + 2 r = 0 (y^2-1) + [y^2 - 2(1+r)y + (1+r)^2] = r^2 \Rightarrow 2y^2 -2(1+r)y + 2r = 0 ;

or y = 2 ( 1 + r ) ± 4 ( 1 + r ) 2 4 ( 2 ) ( 2 r ) 4 = ( 1 + r ) ± 1 + 2 r + r 2 4 r 2 = ( 1 + r ) ± ( r 1 ) 2 2 \large y = \frac{2(1+r) \pm \sqrt{4(1+r)^2 - 4(2)(2r)}}{4} = \frac{(1+r) \pm \sqrt{1+2r+r^2-4r}}{2} = \frac {(1+r) \pm \sqrt{(r-1)^2}}{2} .

There will be only one intersection point between the circle & the hyperbola iff the discriminant equals zero r = 1 . \Rightarrow \boxed{r = 1}.

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