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Calculus Level 3

Consider the sequence of real numbers { x n } n 1 \{ x_n\}_{n\geq 1} such that lim n x 1 2 + x n 2 n = 0 \displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty} \dfrac{x_1 ^2 + \cdots x_n ^2 }n = 0 .

Prove that lim n x 1 + + x n n = 0 \displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty} \dfrac{x_1 + \cdots + x_n} n = 0 .

Is the converse of the statement also true?

No Yes

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2 solutions

Irina Stanciu
Dec 31, 2016

We prove a more general statement: If p is a positive integer and ( x n ) (x_{n}) , n 1 n\leq 1 is a sequence such that \;
lim n x 1 2 p + . . . + x n 2 p n = 0 \lim_{n \to \infty } \frac{x _{1}^{2p}+...+x_{n}^{2p}}{n}=0 ( 1 ) (1)
\; Then
lim n x 1 + . . . + x n n = 0 \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{x _{1}+...+x_{n}}{n}=0 ( 2 ) (2)
For this, recall the inequality
\;
( x 1 + + x n n ) 2 p (\frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n})^{2p} \leq x 1 2 p + . . . + x n 2 p n \frac {x_{1}^{2p}+...+x_{n}^{2p}}{n}
\;
It follows that
\;
x 1 + + x n n x 1 2 p + . . . + x 2 2 p n 2 p \left | \frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n} \right |\leq \sqrt[2p]{\frac{x_{1}^{2p}+...+x_{2}^{2p}}{n}}
\;
Using the squeeze theorem and the hypothesis ( 1 ) (1) , the conclusion ( 2 ) (2) follows. For p=1 we obtain the intial problem.
\;
The converse is not true. Take x n = ( 1 ) n x_{n}=(-1)^{n} and observe that:
\;
x 1 + + x n n = 0 \frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n}=0 if n is even and 1 n \frac{-1}{n} if n is odd.
\;
Hence
lim n x 1 + + x n n = 0 \lim_{n \to\infty} \frac{x _{1}+\infty+x_{n}}{n}=0
\;
but
x 1 2 + + x n 2 n = 1 \frac{x _{1}^{2}+\cdots +x_{n}^{2} } {n}=1

Very nice problem, Irina

Hjalmar Orellana Soto - 4 years, 5 months ago

The given fact: lim n k = 1 n x k 2 n \lim_{n\to \infty}\dfrac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n}x^{2}_{k}}{n} As this limit converges, this means, that the series n = 1 x n 2 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x^{2}_{n} converges, but this doesn't mean n = 1 x n \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x_{n} converges. (Example: x n = 1 n x_{n}=\frac{1}{n} ) For the limit: lim n k = 1 n x n n \lim_{n\to \infty} \dfrac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{n}}{n} To exist, we need n = 1 x n \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x_{n} to converge, but we don't have additional information, so the limit above, doesn't necessary exist.

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