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Let the number given by N . We need to find N m o d 1 0 0 0 . Since all the numbers in the tower are prime numbers, we can apply Euler's theorem and Carmichael's lambda function . The required Carmichael's lambda values are λ ( 1 0 0 0 ) = 1 0 0 , λ ( 1 0 0 ) = 2 0 , λ ( 2 0 ) = 4 and λ ( 4 ) = 2 .
N ≡ 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 m o d 2 m o d 4 m o d 2 0 m o d 1 0 0 (mod 1000)
Then, we have: 3 ≡ 1 (mod 2) , ⟹ 1 3 1 ≡ 1 (mod 4) , ⟹ 3 1 1 ≡ 1 1 (mod 20) , ⟹ 1 1 3 1 1 ≡ 1 3 1 1 ≡ ( 1 0 + 3 ) 1 0 1 3 1 ≡ 3 1 0 ( 1 3 ) ≡ ( 1 0 − 1 ) 5 ( 1 3 ) ≡ 4 9 ( 1 3 ) ≡ 3 7 (mod 100) and
N 3 1 1 3 N ( 7 2 1 ) ( 3 1 1 ) N 2 3 1 N 2 3 1 N 2 3 1 N N ≡ 3 1 1 3 7 (mod 1000) ≡ 3 1 1 4 0 (mod 1000) ≡ ( 3 0 0 + 1 1 ) 4 0 (mod 1000) ≡ 1 1 4 0 (mod 1000) ≡ 1 1 4 0 (mod 1000) ≡ 4 0 1 (mod 1000) = 7 1 (mod 1000) By modular reverse Note that 2 3 1 × 7 1 ≡ 4 0 1 (mod 1000)