Let represent the finite summation above, Find the digit from left.
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Entertaining problem... the presence of dominant terms makes it easier to handle.
Using a root of unity filter, we find ∑ k = 1 6 7 2 ( 3 k − 1 2 0 1 5 ) ≈ 3 2 2 0 1 5 = A . The error, due to neglecting the contributions of ω and ω 2 , is miniscule: Less than 1 out of a number exceeding 1 0 6 0 0 . Considering the derivative of ( 1 + x ) 2 0 1 5 and using a root of unity filter once again, we find ∑ k = 1 6 7 2 ( 3 k − 1 ) ( 3 k − 1 2 0 1 5 ) ≈ 3 2 0 1 5 ∗ 2 2 0 1 4 = B . Now ∑ k = 1 6 7 2 k ( 3 k − 1 2 0 1 5 ) ≈ 3 A + B = 9 2 0 1 7 ∗ 2 2 0 1 4 . We use technology to see that the 21st digit from the left is a 2