Let's Make 2018 Special!

Algebra Level 5

Find the number of real roots of f ( x ) = 99 f(x)=99 if

f ( x ) = k = 1 2018 k 2 + k + 1 x ( 3 k 3 + 3 k 2 + 5 k + 11 ) \large{f(x) = \sum^{2018}_{k=1} \dfrac{k^2+k+1}{x-(3k^3+3k^2+5k+11)}}


The answer is 2018.

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1 solution

Patrick Corn
Jan 22, 2018

We have f ( x ) = 3 x 22 + 7 x 57 + + a 2018 x b 2018 f(x) = \frac3{x-22} + \frac7{x-57} + \cdots + \frac{a_{2018}}{x-b_{2018}} where a 2018 = 201 8 2 + 2018 + 1 a_{2018} = 2018^2+2018+1 and b 2018 = 3 ( 2018 ) 3 + 3 ( 2018 ) 2 + 5 ( 2018 ) + 11. b_{2018} = 3(2018)^3+3(2018)^2+5(2018)+11. Note that 3 k 3 + 3 k 2 + 5 k + 11 3k^3+3k^2+5k+11 is an increasing function for k > 0 , k>0, so each of the integers in the denominator is increasing.

Note also that f ( x ) f(x) is strictly decreasing on its domain (take a derivative; each of the terms in the sum is negative).

So there are 2018 2018 vertical asymptotes to y = f ( x ) . y=f(x). For x < 22 , x<22, f ( x ) f(x) is negative. For 22 < x < 57 , 22<x<57, f ( x ) f(x) decreases from + +\infty to . -\infty. So it crosses the line y = 99 y=99 exactly once. Ditto for 57 < x < 134. 57 < x < 134. And so on. Finally, for x > b 2018 , x > b_{2018}, y = f ( x ) y=f(x) decreases from + +\infty to approaching 0 0 as x , x\to\infty, so it crosses the line y = 99 y=99 exactly once there as well.

So there are 2017 2017 roots, one between each consecutive pair of vertical asymptotes; and one more root to the right of the righmost vertical asymptote. This is a total of 2018 . \fbox{2018}.

Right on the spot!

Md Zuhair - 3 years, 4 months ago

Yeah same solution. Try out this one too https://brilliant.org/problems/how-many-real-roots/.

rajdeep brahma - 3 years, 4 months ago

Another way:

Let's suppose that x = a + i b x=a+ib is a root, then we can rationalise and by equating the imaginary part on both sides we can get b = 0 b=0 .

Akshat Sharda - 3 years, 4 months ago

I was trying something big but the solution is very much basic and defines beauty!

Dhruv Joshi - 3 years, 4 months ago

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