A certain type of ring has an outer diameter of 58 mm and an inner diameter of 40 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. If one stacks enough rings on top of each other, it is possible to stand another ring vertically on top of the pile in such a way that the ring doesn’t touch the ground. What is the minimum number of rings you need to stack on top of each other so that the vertical ring just doesn’t touch the ground?
This was problem 9 on the South African Mathematics Olympiad (Junior Round 3 Paper 2012)
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The vertical ring and the top horizontal ring form a right triangle with the hypotenuse as 29 and the horizontal leg as 20. We have the vertical leg as 2 9 2 − 2 0 2 = 2 1 . Therefore, we need 2 9 − 2 1 = 8 rings stacks up, (1mm thick) to support the vertical ring.