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Calculus Level 5

0 2 π x 2 ( ln ( 2 sin x 2 ) ) 2 d x = A C π B \large \int_0^{2\pi} x^2 \left( \ln \left( 2 \sin \dfrac x2 \right) \right)^2 \, dx = \dfrac AC \pi^B

If the equation above holds true for positive integers A , B A,B and C C such that A , B A,B are coprime, find A + B + C A+B+C .


The answer is 63.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Feb 28, 2016

Note that I = 0 2 π x 2 [ ln ( 2 sin 1 2 x ) ] 2 d x = 8 0 π x 2 ln 2 ( 2 sin x ) d x = 8 4 F a 2 b 2 ( 0 , 0 ) I \; = \; \int_0^{2\pi} x^2 \big[ \ln(2\sin\tfrac12x)\big]^2\,dx \; = \; 8\int_0^\pi x^2\ln^2(2\sin x)\,dx \; = \; -8\frac{\partial^4F}{\partial a^2 \partial b^2}(0,0) where F ( a , b ) = 2 a 0 π sin a x cos b x d x = π cos 1 2 b π ( a + 1 ) B ( 1 2 ( a + b + 2 ) , 1 2 ( a b + 2 ) ) = π Γ ( a + 1 ) cos 1 2 b π Γ ( 1 2 ( a + b + 2 ) ) Γ ( 1 2 ( a b + 2 ) ) . \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle F(a,b) & = & \displaystyle 2^a \int_0^\pi \sin^ax \cos bx\,dx \; = \; \frac{\pi \cos\frac12b\pi}{(a+1)B\big(\frac12(a+b+2),\frac12(a-b+2)\big)} \\ & = & \displaystyle \frac{\pi \Gamma(a+1) \cos \frac12b\pi}{\Gamma\big(\frac12(a+b+2)\big) \Gamma\big(\frac12(a-b+2)\big)} \;. \end{array} We first obtain that 2 F b 2 ( a , 0 ) = Γ ( a + 1 ) ( π 3 + 2 π ψ ( 1 ) ( 1 + 1 2 a ) ) 4 Γ ( 1 + 1 2 a ) 2 -\frac{\partial^2F}{\partial b^2}(a,0) \; = \; \frac{\Gamma(a + 1)\big(\pi^3 + 2 \pi \psi^{(1)}\big(1 + \frac12a\big)\big)}{ 4 \Gamma\big(1 + \frac12a\big)^2} and hence, differentiating two more times,. we obtain I = 8 4 F a 2 b 2 ( 0 , 0 ) = 13 45 π 5 I \; = \; -8\frac{\partial^4F}{\partial a^2 \partial b^2}(0,0) \; = \; \tfrac{13}{45}\pi^5 giving the answer 13 + 5 + 45 = 63 13 + 5 + 45 = \boxed{63} .

@Mark Hennings How did you find the closed form of F ( a , b ) F(a,b) ?

A Former Brilliant Member - 5 years, 3 months ago

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The easy answer is "a book of standard integrals".

This identity was an early formula established by the first few mathematicians to study the Gamma and Beta functions, back in the days before it was called the beta function. It can be established by some pretty contour integration.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 3 months ago

Wow!,ingenious solution

just one question,how did you think of the function F ( a , b ) F(a,b) ?

thanks! :)

Hamza A - 5 years, 3 months ago

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The integrand needs to involve the term 2 a sin a x 2^a \sin^a x ,. so that we can differentiate it twice to obtain ln 2 ( 2 sin x ) \ln^2(2\sin x) . After that it is a matter of knowing that there are some fairly simple formulae for the integrals of sin a x cos b x \sin^ax \cos bx and sin a x sin b x \sin^ax \sin bx over intervals like ( 0 , 1 2 π ) (0,\tfrac12\pi) and ( 0 , π ) (0,\pi) ; a little more differentiation obtains the x 2 x^2 term. and so the whole integral is now expressed in terms of polygamma functions, which can be simplified.

This problem is similar, but worse!

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 3 months ago

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i still didn't attempt any of the hot integrals,mainly because they look like that lol

Hamza A - 5 years, 3 months ago

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