n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 n + m − 1 ( n + m − 1 ) ( n + m ) 1 = ln ( A ) − B
The equation above holds true for real numbers A and B . Find A + B .
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By expanding ∫ 0 x 1 + x 1 d x using integration by parts and not by directly finding the anti-derivative we can find an infinite series for ln ( 1 + x ) which converges for all x in the domain of this function in the form of ( m = 1 ∑ ∞ m ( 1 + x ) m x m ) . We find the anti-derivative to this series which is ∫ ln ( 1 + x ) d x = ∫ ( m = 1 ∑ ∞ m ( 1 + x ) m x m ) d x
For each term the integral becomes i = 1 ∑ ∞ ( m + i − 1 ) ( m + i ) ( 1 + x ) m + i − 1 x m + i
applying this to all terms the general form will become m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( i = 1 ∑ ∞ ( m + i − 1 ) ( m + i ) ( 1 + x ) m + i − 1 x m + i ) = ∫ ln ( 1 + x ) d x = ( 1 + x ) ln ( 1 + x ) − x
for x = 1 we have , ( 2 ) ln ( 2 ) − 1 = ln ( 4 ) − 1
This is also same as
m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( i = 1 ∑ ∞ ( m + i − 1 ) ( m + i ) ( 2 ) m + i − 1 1 m + i )
m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( i = 1 ∑ ∞ ( m + i − 1 ) ( m + i ) ( 2 ) m + i − 1 1 )
We have, putting N = m + n − 1 , m = 1 ∑ ∞ n = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 m + n − 1 ( m + n − 1 ) ( m + n ) 1 = N = 1 ∑ ∞ n = 1 ∑ N 2 N N ( N + 1 ) 1 = N = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 N ( N + 1 ) 1 = 2 N = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 N N 1 − 1 = − 2 ln 2 1 − 1 = ln 4 − 1 Assuming that A , B are integers, this makes A + B = 4 + 1 = 5 .
Of course, we could also have A = 4 e and B = 2 , which is allowed by the wording of the question (but disallowed by the integer answer format).
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S = n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 n + m − 1 ( n + m − 1 ) ( n + m ) 1 = n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 n + m − 1 1 ( n + m − 1 1 − n + m 1 ) = n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( ( n + m − 1 ) 2 n + m − 1 1 − ( n + m ) 2 n + m 2 ) = n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( n ( 2 n ) 1 − m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( n + m ) 2 n + m 1 ) = n = 1 ∑ ∞ ∫ x n − 1 d x − n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ ∫ x n + m − 1 d x = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ∫ x n d x − n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 0 ∑ ∞ ∫ x n + m d x = ∫ ( n = 0 ∑ ∞ x n ) d x − ∫ ( n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 0 ∑ ∞ x n + m ) d x = ∫ 1 − x d x − ∫ ( n = 1 ∑ ∞ x n m = 0 ∑ ∞ x m ) d x = − ln ( 1 − x ) − ∫ ( 1 − x ) 2 x d x = − ln ( 1 − x ) − 1 − x x + ∫ 1 − x 1 d x = − 2 ln ( 1 − x ) − 1 − x x = ln 4 − 1 Replace 2 1 by x Since x k converges absolutely for ∣ x ∣ < 1 , we can swap ∑ with ∫ . By integration by parts Put back 2 1 as x
Therefore, A + B = 4 + 1 = 5 .